tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31030586235689646802024-02-08T05:36:25.690-08:00College essay helperEssay Topics About Halloweenshirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3103058623568964680.post-90662825203902002082020-08-26T09:05:00.001-07:002020-08-26T09:05:04.243-07:00MOHG2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsMOHG2 - Essay Example These examination structure an essential piece of the fiscal summary investigation, particularly from the speculators perspective, who consistently endeavor to put resources into nations having fortify and balancing out monetary proportions and speaking to an upward pattern. It is of extraordinary hugeness that the proportions must be benchmarked against a standard with the end goal for them to have a significance. Keeping that into account, the examination is typically led between organizations depicting same business and money related dangers, among ventures and between various timespans of a similar organization. The organization viable is Mandarin Oriental International Limited and in this report investigation of the money related execution of the organization for the monetary year 2011 with the budgetary year 2010 has been directed so as to cause to notice different monetary patterns and noteworthy changes over the period. The investigation is partitioned into three fundamental arrange to be specific Profitability, Liquidity and Gearing. Productivity proportions recognize how proficiently and adequately an organization is using its assets and how effective it has been in creating an ideal pace of return for its investors and financial specialists. Liquidity proportions measure the capacity of the organization to rapidly change over its advantage into fluid money to settle its transient liabilities. Though, the Gearing proportions distinguishes the degree to which the organization is financed through obligation and how much the tasks are being directed from the fund raised through raising va lue capital or something else. Mandarin Oriental International Limited is viewed as one of the noticeable with regards to sumptuous lodgings. As cited from the yearly report of Mandarin for the money related year 2011, ââ¬Å"Mandarin Oriental International Limited is a global lodging speculation and the executives bunch with grand and top of the line inns, resorts and living arrangements in looked for after goals around the globe. The gathering currently works, or under shirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3103058623568964680.post-66845940609059390522020-08-22T07:40:00.001-07:002020-08-22T07:40:14.000-07:00Relationship Between Culture and EconomyConnection Between Culture and Economy Fundamentally think about the connection among culture and economy. Whatever degree is it consistent with propose that decay of network and the development of serious independence are created by the moving needs of the entrepreneur economy? Independence free independence a regulation that puts together ethical quality with respect to the interests of the person a social hypothesis keeping up the political and monetary freedom of the individual and focusing on singular activity (Penguin English Dictionary, 2001) a monetary framework described by the benefit thought process and by private possession and control of the methods for creation, circulation and trade (Penguin English Dictionary, 2001) The fifteenth century saw the ascent of humanism and the re-assessment of the human condition corresponding to their reality. This was seen as an excursion from the dim periods of dread and abuse to the edified dreams of distinction and expectation. In actuality, it was an excursion that not very many were sufficiently favored to bear. One field for the activity of this elective methodology was comparing traditional Greek and Roman societies with what was then the rigors of contemporary religion. As of now, the picture of the individual is seeking another generalization for definition. However how astounded these early researchers is find that with this uniqueness came loss of network soul, lack of care and annihilation of the more distant family in as far as anyone knows propelled social orders. They would presumably be less amazed to find that financial aspects and legislative issues are two of the instruments which have been utilized to cut out and shading these new social orders. The accompanying exposition takes a gander at how explicit these elements work inside this changing structure of postmodern (Featherstone, 1991) society. It broadens its extension past old style financial and political hypothesis, which is expected more thought that given here. It considered a portion of the writing accessible regarding the matter of culture and financial aspects, in any case, so as to get a reasonable view, it additionally attempts to perceive what different components add to the decay of network. To begin with, it is important to comprehend the components that go to make up contemporary society. To place it in Foucaultian (1983) terms, how are these talks built and what are their necessities. How explicit would they say they are to every general public? ââ¬Å"They [discourses] offer us social positions and statuses: the entrepreneur economy makes us into ââ¬Ëworkersââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëemployersââ¬â¢ or ââ¬Ëunemployedââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ (Burr, An Introduction to Social Constructivism, 1995, p.54) Culture and financial aspects have been tremendously contemplated, explored and expounded on however the connection between the two has been a troublesome one to characterize. Guiso, Sapienza, Zingales, (2005) contend for a ââ¬Å"heterogeneity of preferencesâ⬠as influencing people groups monetary decisions. In the event that one concurs with this, at that point the underlying foundations of this heterogeneity need to incorporate culture. In any case, every one of these components of human culture have just the soundness of the time wherein they are made. They are moving sands and controlled by both inner and outside components. For instance, in a majority rule government where lawmakers are chosen by the individuals, it very well may be assumed that they are stating what the individuals like to hear and promising to do what the individuals who choose them need. It might be a pessimistic view, yet once in power, apparently one type of control offers route to another. As Chomsky (1992) says, purposeful publicity is to vote based systems what force is to fascisms. Political ââ¬Ëspinââ¬â¢ both responds and leads. However, as the Frankfurt School of Philosophy appears, a depressingly negative clash between applied explanation and a capacity for society to adapt to, and adjust emphatically to, change. For instance, the quest for ââ¬Ëpanaceasââ¬â¢ (Horkheimer, 1987) upsets clarifications of society and financial matters. The panacea of poor people, as the idiom goes, used to be religion. Scholars currently point to industrialism as the new religion, yet it neglects to give the joy it guarantees. Horkheimer (1987) investigates the roots from which these inquiries emerge and looks at the accomplishment of singularity and self-rule. Why, when best in class mechanical social orders appear to give such degrees of individual decision, is there such discontent? Would it be able to be that a sabotaging of specific qualities has rendered us intuitively unreliable? Would it be able to be that there is truth in the explanation that ââ¬Å"every part of culture is presently commodification and linkage to the offer of goodsâ⬠(Herman, 1995)? Assuming this is the case, is singularity a fantasy and people simply products to be offered to whether through social similarity or adherence to contemporary beliefs? With the end goal of this exposition, certain parameters should be set on the issues. For instance, culture, as characterized by the Penguin English Dictionary (2001), is various things. It is mental turn of events, to be specific through training. It is the ââ¬Å"intellectual and imaginative edification as recognized from professional and specialized skillsâ⬠. It is the standard convictions and social types of explicit gatherings. At last it is characterized as ââ¬Å"socially transmitted example of human conduct that incorporates thought, discourse, activity, foundations and artefactsâ⬠(Penguin, 2001). This article will for the most part include the last meaning of culture. Financial aspects appears to be more straightforward to characterize: ââ¬Å"A sociology concerned essentially with the creation, appropriation and utilization of products and servicesâ⬠(Penguin, 2001). Be that as it may, even in these general terms it is anything but difficult to perceive how culture and economy between depend. With the end goal of this article, culture and financial aspects will be placed with regards to industrialist economies. It will begin with addressing what the requirements are of an industrialist economy as per hypothesis and fact. It will at that point analyze how network has changed and whether both the past society and present uniqueness are goals instead of real factors. This will at that point be placed with regards to contemporary society. While this article has a particular center, it is comprehended that there are numerous different types of political, social and financial frameworks and these can have various impacts relying upon their social orders. For instance, as Paecher, in concurrence with Burrââ¬â¢s citation above, brings up; ââ¬Å"Different types of talk bring about the organizing of various types of information; change the force relations among talks and the information relations related with them will change as wellâ⬠(Paechter, Educating the Other: sexual orientation, force and tutoring, 2001) This puts the issues inside a social setting. To do likewise with respect to financial matters one could take the accompanying model. Certain individuals who profit by an innovatively propelled industrialist economy would discover endurance very testing in a means economy. Be that as it may, this is nevertheless one methodology and one part of these issues. So as to see whether private enterprise and the expansion of independence alone have been the purposes behind a decrease in the perfect of network, the ââ¬Ëneedsââ¬â¢ of every one of these components of society must be thought of. The ââ¬Ëneedsââ¬â¢ of an entrepreneur economy can maybe both be guided and driven by the general public they are coordinated with. A ââ¬Ëneedââ¬â¢ to comprehend and evaluate the progressions that happen inside these economies has prompted works, for example, that done by Webber and Rigby (in Albritton et al, 2001, pp. 246-262). To accept a true investigation as normal of the more old style financial aspects, they study the log jam in world economy that occurred in the 1970ââ¬â¢s. They reasoned that a bringing down productivity in the propelled economies was to be faulted for the log jam. They took this diagram and measured the aftereffects of financial change so as to survey what the reasons were from an explanatory viewpoint. In actuality, joblessness rose and wages, as Sennett appears, fell. He cites a fall of 18% in American wages somewhere in the range of 1973 and 1995 (Sennett, 1998, p.54). While the division of rich and poor is as apparent through history as today, the deception that an industrialist society would profit all people was broken down. Discontent and thwarted expectation with political guarantees turned out to be a piece of the way of life. It might be that the constrains felt by people to endeavor and make due through serious utilization of business methodologies has its foundations in the downturn and weakness of joblessness. Sennett discusses these changing weights as far as disparity inside corporate structures. He has people required to out perform and increment expertise assorted variety (p.55) so as to succeed. Work is in this way represented by financial aspects from one viewpoint and culture on the other with governmental issues as a middle person between wanted types of society and oversaw real factors. In this light, something contrary to serious independence is joblessness and while dread of the last keeps the previous serious, the expense of the last energizes techniques for accomplishing full business. For instance, Featherstone utilizes the activities of Seattle (1996) to build up its picture as a ââ¬Å"quality of life capitalâ⬠(p.107). The point was to diminish its mass joblessness by making itself appealing both inside the social circle above and as a flourishing monetary substance. This postmodernisation (Cooke, 1988; Zukin, 1988b refered to in Featherstone, 1996) is, indeed, a type of self-publicisation and picture creation â⬠something that this paper will come back to later. To come back to the UK circumstance. A level of the UK populace got subject to the Welfare State for endurance and got known as the drawn out jobless. Governmental issues and financial aspects are at the bleeding edge with regards to paying for joblessness. Since the 70ââ¬â¢s, legislative issues has attempted both a carrot and stick way to deal with diminishing outgoings on the jobless. Behind these activities is the Government spending plan and the shirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3103058623568964680.post-67193347218685401662020-08-17T06:46:00.001-07:002020-08-17T06:46:04.335-07:00Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 16th, 2019Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 16th, 2019 Sponsored by our giveaway of $100 to Amazon in support of Swords and Spaceships, our sci-fi/fantasy newsletter! These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while theyâre hot! 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Define business ethics and explain its nature: Ethics deals with moral practices and also, tell us how to behave with others. Actually, ethics defines the difference between good and bad, moral and immoral and fair and unfair etc. In addition to this it tells us to adopt good things and avoid bad ones. In short, ethics means a code of conduct (Shearman, 1990). Business Ethics means to run a business not only for profit purpose but also for sake of welfare to the society. A businessman must aware about the consumer needs and wants along with providing a continuous supply of good quality of goods and services at reasonable prices (Lewis, Defining ââ¬Ëbusiness ethicsââ¬â¢: Like nailing jello to a wall. ). According to Kirk O. Hanson, a renowned ethics expert who also doubles as the Executive Director of the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, business ethics is the study of the standards of business behaviour which promote human welfare and the good(Hanson, 2008). Nature of Business Ethics: Some characteristics of business ethics are like: Provides ordinary framework: Business ethics provides the basic framework to run a business.It also gives the economic, legal and social boundaries within which businessmanmust conduct his business. Code of conduct: Businessman must follow the ethical code of conduct. They must know what to do for the welfare of society and what not to do, and what is right and wrong for the society. Based on moral andShow MoreRelatedWhy Ethical Responsibilities Go Beyond Legal Compliance. Essay591 Words à |à 3 Pages1. Explain why ethics is important in the business environment. Ethics is important not only in business but in all aspects of life because it is the vital part and the foundation on which the society is build. A business/society that lacks ethical principles is bound to fail sooner or later. 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Ethics is a practical shirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3103058623568964680.post-70023631223077414032020-05-13T09:42:00.001-07:002020-05-13T09:42:02.822-07:00Gay Rights, Gay, Lesbian, And Society - 1202 Words Over the past decades, being gay was something no one talked about. It was a subject that was very taboo and society didnââ¬â¢t accept. People saw it as a stage one goes through and something unnatural. Thanks to the media, more and more celebrities have come out of the closet over the years. Soon people became accepting of the gay community and their life style. Being openly gay, lesbian, transgender, or bisexual in the workforce can lead to discrimination. Gay mirages are also frowned upon by society. Unfortunately, there arenââ¬â¢t many laws that protect gay rights. Everyday in America, gay people are being fired, denied a job, refused promotion, or some other form of discrimination. Itââ¬â¢s not because they don t qualify for the job itââ¬â¢s because they are gay. 21/50 states in the US have rights set to protect them from facing this discrimination (Eisenberg, Rebecca). 18 out of those 21 states it is illegal to fire transgenders (Eidelson, Josh). So far there are ab out 28 million workers unemployed because of their sexuality (Bendery, 2014). Pros: 1. Tom Harkin, former Democrat U.S Senate, has a mission to pass a Paycheck Fairness Act, Fair Pay Act, and an Equal Pay Act. Harkin had expressed his views on the issue on last years Equal Pay Day. He felt that there is a big pay gap between men and women. Women are paid less then men simply because of their gender. Even though the Equal Pay Act was passed in 1963 (Harkin, 2014), people are not following the act. By passing the PaycheckShow MoreRelatedOppression and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Persons 1091 Words à |à 5 PagesLesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Oppression Generations ago, the United States was a country of the male wardrobe. Todays movements for the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community are leveraging the existence of more globalized and open systems. Besides, the promotion of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender population have been acknowledged through smart partnerships within conventional, political and economic scene, while the males and heterosexuals areRead MoreGay Rights1676 Words à |à 7 PagesGay Rights The movement of the gay and lesbian population in the United States is one that has been in progress since the early 1900s, and is still facing overwhelming controversy and backlash today. The push for gay liberation in a country founded on Christian morals and beliefs has subsequently led to struggles over equality of marriage, adoption, jobs, and healthcare. One side of the controversy argues that every individual deserves the same rights, while the opposing mindset argues that beingRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1205 Words à |à 5 PagesRahime-Malik Howard Sociology 1301-93431 Gay Marriage Getting married is something that most people do when they find love, which it is an important event in their life. The GLBT (gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender) community now get the legal right of same-sex marriage, which they have fought for throughout the years; on the other hand, some opponents of same-sex marriage have called for a constitutional change towards it. Although th ere were some countries that allowed gay marriage before the United StatesRead More Social and Legal Obstacles of Gay and Lesbian Parenting Essay1677 Words à |à 7 PagesSocial and Legal Obstacles of Gay and Lesbian Parenting In the last decade there has been a rise in the number of lesbians and gay men forming their own families. Many do this through adoption, foster care, artificial insemination, and other means. Today, researchers have estimated that the number of children living with one gay or lesbian parent is six to fourteen million. Some have described this current period as a lesbian and gay ââ¬Å"baby boomâ⬠. However, lesbian and gay parents face many social andRead More Gays in the Military Essay1362 Words à |à 6 PagesFor nearly 50 years, it has been the U.S. militarys official policy to exclude homosexuals from service. In November 1992, President - elect Clinton told Americans that he planned to lift the militarys long - standing ban on gays and lesbians. Homosexual men and women, he said, should not be prevented from serving their country based on their sexual orientation. Soon after taking office in 1993, Clinton faced powerful military and congressional opposition to lifting the ban. General Colin PowellRead MoreGay Adoption And The United States1412 Words à |à 6 Pages Gay parents! Yes I said it.What kind of impact do gay couples have on adoption agencies in the United States? ââ¬Å"An estimated 65,500 adopted children are living with a lesbian or gayâ⬠parent (Lifelong Adoptions)ââ¬â¹.â⬠ââ¬â¹There are 1 million lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender parents raising about 2 million children in the U.Sâ⬠(Why Gay Parents Are Good Parents). ââ¬â¹Even though people believe gay adoption will cause children to act different Gay adoption positively affects adoption agenciesRead MoreDiversity Is A Key Component Of American Society1025 Words à |à 5 PagesDiversity has always been a key component of American society. From its beginnings, the United States has struggled with deciding who establishes the norms and values of society, given that we are a nation built primarily through immigration (Bessett, 1997). Lesbian, Gay, Bi-sexual, Transgender and Queer (LGBTQ) people have been a part of society throughout history. T here is evidence of same sex relationships at least as far back as ancient Greece (Crompton, 2003). Over time, negative societal attitudesRead MoreGay And Lesbian Rights Essay1340 Words à |à 6 PagesGay And Lesbian Rights When I read the statement that said we shouldnt devote our efforts to promoting the rights of lesbians and gay men, since there are more important and urgent human rights issues that deserve our attentionà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦. I was taken aback. As it stands now, nothing seems more important than bringing both equality, and general acceptance, to gay and lesbian people. Although their have been many mistakes made in the past regarding such human rights issuesRead MoreGay Adoption And The United States1412 Words à |à 6 Pages Gay parents! Yes I said it.What kind of impact do gay couples have on adoption agencies in the United States? ââ¬Å"An estimated 65,500 adopted children are living with a lesbian or gayâ⬠parent (Lifelong Adoptions)ââ¬â¹.â⬠ââ¬â¹There are 1 million lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender parents raising about 2 million children in the U.Sâ⬠(Why Gay Parents Are Good Parents). ââ¬â¹Even though people believe gay adoption will cause children to act different Gay adoption positively affects adoption agenciesRead MoreDecline of the Traditional American Family: Homosexual Parents1246 Words à |à 5 Pagesconception that lesbians and gay men may be parents is frequently perceived in today s society as impossible or immoral. Gay men and lesbians are often viewed as excluded from having children because sexual reproduction is related to men and women couples only. My approach to this uniquely controversial topic of gay parenting will be that of attempting t o analyze the pro side. Gays and lesbians are human too and who is to say that they don t deserve equal rights in society. Society has to realize shirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3103058623568964680.post-85442790493548417462020-05-06T13:42:00.001-07:002020-05-06T13:42:22.839-07:00Ethical Principle of Justice How It Relates to Nursing Research Free Essays Nursing research is continual and it is consistently improving the healthcare field. When understanding research and evidence-based practice, ethics is one of the first things to consider for proper results. Evidence-based practice will not be demonstrated unless ethical research is supported. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Principle of Justice: How It Relates to Nursing Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ethics is always a topic of concern and a standard to be maintained when participating in research, especially evidence based practice in the nursing field. Not all research studies or trials are ethical, and many havenââ¬â¢t been ethical in the past. For example, The Stanford Prison Experiment, The Tuskegee Study, and The Monster Study are just a few examples of well-known unethical research trials. Today, the chances seem promising when it comes to establishing ethical clinical research and advocating for subjects. The reason ethics is considered in research is for accurate outcome results and beneficence of subjects. When thinking about ethical principles that should be upheld within nursing research, a few prominent principles come to mind. Beneficence is the understanding to promote or advocate for the betterment and positive well-being of the subject/patient. Respect is a very important ethical principle because subjects have a right to their own decisions, options, and existence in a trial. Justice is the ethical principle being discussed in this paper, and seems to be a common necessity for patient protection. Justice, in reference to nursing research and its importance, will be explained. According to Shakà © Ketefian, the author of the article Ethical considerations in research. Focus on vulnerable groups, Justice has several meanings; there is the meaning of retribution. Another meaning is justice as fairness.â⬠(Kettefian, 2015). The Introduction to Nursing Research textbook written by Carol Boswell ; Sharon Cannon refers the definition of justice as ââ¬Å"fairness and equality to another. It encompasses a general guideline of ââ¬Å"what is due or owed to personsâ⬠and it ââ¬Å"implies the rights of fair treatment and privacy, including anonymity and confidentialityâ⬠â⬠(Burkhart ; Nathaniel, 2014, p. 528)(Boswell ; Cannon, 2017, p.179). When justice comes to mind, fairness is the initial definition. When considering research, fairness isnââ¬â¢t always present. There are different control groups, or categories of subjects, and different variables of a study. Sometimes one category of a study is deprived of whatââ¬â¢s owed to them, in other words, a lack of justice. The reason justice is crucial in research is that of equal opportunity, fair treatment, and successful unbiased participation. Without justice before, during, and after the study, there is not a chance for accurate results/evidence. Justice also includes the discussion of all resources and information, relating to that particular patient, about their situation. Occasionally, prognoses will be shared with the family first as opposed to the patient first. The patient has a right to know all about their diagnosis, prognosis, and current options. In the article written by Sahreen Malik Bhanji, which is about Health Care Ethics, he says ââ¬Å"It is believed that and especially in healthcare industry that all individuals have equal rights in terms of seeking health care and to participate in their plan of careâ⬠(Bhanji, 2013, p. 2). It is due to them, especially during a study. The subject should be informed of all possible treatment options that are available during the timing of their study according to their current state. If not informed, this would fall under unethical and injustice due to the insufficient amount of resources and information offered. Justice is important to research mainly because of the right to be informed and the fairness to be fully included/advocated for. The University of Washington School of Medicine explains ways to ensure justice is not compromised in a study, this would include avoiding the selection of participants that might be unfairly coerced into participating, such as prisoners and institutionalized children (Adams, 2013). This will automatically determine that there isnââ¬â¢t an assumed subject of injustice. Another step in designing a research study that includes proper justice consists of consistent privacy and the right to confidentiality. Sharing of personal or specific information would include injustice. Each patient, no matter the study, should be free of judgment, and offered privacy as well as trusted confidentiality. When creating a study, fairness should always be considered, no matter the variables. To make sure this is upheld, the researchers have to be unbiased and informed of patient rights included in the subjectsââ¬â¢ contracts. In a research study, justice includes promotion of the patient on an equality level. One subject isnââ¬â¢t favored or discriminated, all are equally valued. This guideline can be a written signed measure when designing the research study standards that will continually be abided by. That would be a step to instill justice. These two ways of design would be implemented before the study actually takes place. During a study, justice requirements would include offering all information (new even poor prognosis), treating each subject with complete fairness, and demonstrating total unbiased opinion with zero judgment. Both the nurse in the nursing research study and the subject will be treated with justice by offering reward or treatment options, if applicable. The main ethical concern is effective communication in regard to patient rights, justice falls under this idea. The greatest take-away about the ethical principle of justice within a research study is that the patient is fully informed, treated with total fairness no judgment, and offered equality in confidentiality. To conclude, justice is an ethical principle that needs to be upheld in every nursing research study. Majority of people strive to live by justice every day. Being fair to one another is a part of expected moral human interaction. It means fairness for each patient or subject. In a study, without fairness and equality, results are inconclusive and inaccurate because itââ¬â¢s considered unethical. Justice in the nursing world means that an individual is given what they are due or obligated to. Whether that is the best care possible, or the highest standard of treatment/observation in a research study. There are measures that can should be taken to focus on maintaining justice in a research study. According to Bhanji, justice includes ââ¬Å"considering the best possible outcome in favor of the direct recipient of care (patient)â⬠(Bhanji, 2013, p. 2). Therefore, justice is important to the field of nursing research because it includes patient advocacy, entitlement to proper communication involving the health care team patient, and it fulfills patient rights for the best care possible. References Adams, Lizabeth, Timothy Callahan. 2013. Research Ethics. University of Washington School of Medicine. https://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/resrch.html Bhanji SM (2013) Health Care Ethics. J Clinic Res Bioeth 4:142. doi: 10.4172/2155- 9627.1000142 Boswell, C., In Cannon, S. (2017). Introduction to nursing research: Incorporating evidence- based practice. Ezekiel, J. Emmanuel, David Wendler, and Christine Grady. 2000. ââ¬Å"What Makes Clinical Research Ethical?â⬠Journal of American Medical Association, Vol.280 No.20, May 24/31, 2000, pp.2701-2711. Keteian, S. (2015). Ethical considerations in research. Focus on vulnerable groups. Investigation ; Education in Intermedia, 33(1), 164ââ¬â172. https://doiorg.ezproxy.samford.edu/10.1590/S0120-53072015000100019 How to cite Ethical Principle of Justice: How It Relates to Nursing Research, Papers shirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3103058623568964680.post-10341133884425035462020-05-04T14:52:00.001-07:002020-05-04T14:52:02.959-07:00Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health Question: Discuss about the Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health? Answer: Solution 1 The exposures of interest considered in this study are total fat intake, Saturated fat intake, monounsaturated fat intake, polyunsaturated fat intake and trans-fat intake (Oh, 2005). Inorder to ascertain dietary information, a questionnaire was used. They were updated in 1986, 1990, 1994 and 1998. A rational determination of total fat and specific types of fat was made in this study (Nelson, 2009). The study results are found to be consistent with other studies. The results of the study clearly give the information about the effect of dietary intake on CHD risk (Nelson, 2009). Blood lipid levels are not measured in the study and this is another limitation of the study (Oh, 2005). Solution 2 Myocardial infarction (nonfatal) or Coronary heart disease (fatal) was the outcome measured. In the case of nonfatal MI, the medical records were collected for reporting women. Deaths from fatal CHD were recognized by the US postal system or from the National Death Index (Oh, 2005). The results of the study are evidenced to be consistent with several other studies (Oh, 2005). Change in diet was one of the factors responsible for evidence of decline in CHD incidence (Oh, 2005). Solution 3 The source population of the study is 30-55 aged female nurses. The target population does not differ from the source population (Oh, 2005). The results are analyzed evidently in the population by the age of 65 years or younger and with age above 65 (Oh, 2005) In, the elderly population, the study results were influenced by factors like an increase in intensity of chronic diseases or weakened health status or change in metabolism with aging (Oh, 2005). Solution 4 In 1976 the study was started with 1,21,700 female nurses whose age is 3055 years. The participants who returned the 1980 questionnaire were included in the study and participants with cardiovascular disease, cancer, improbable intake of energy, diabetes, cancer, hypercholesterolemia was excluded from the study. So after exclusions, 78,778 women were studied (Oh, 2005). Solution 5 The risk measures calculated in the study are age, smoking, BMI, alcohol intake, history of menopausal state, hormone use, hypertension, MI, use of aspirin, Vitamin E, multivitamin, physical activity and intake of fat; fatty acids; fruits, vegetables and fiber(Taylor Zahradka, 2013). Solution 6 The incidence of various diseases may change the diet of women and hence are excluded from the study. But Excluding such women didnot affect the study results (Oh, 2005). Solution 7 The overall motor vehicle-related mortality risk is 1.8%. Solution 8 (100/2000)*100 = 5% (80/8000)*100 = 1% (100/10,000) * 100 = 1 % Solution 9 (45/300)*100 = 15% (135 /7000)*100 = 1.9% (45/10000) *100 = 0.45% Solution 10 The cumulative incidence ratio of death by driving speed is 1%, and the cumulative incidence ratio of death by DWI status is 0.45 %. The values indicate that death by speed is very high in comparison to death by DWI status. Solution 11 1900-100 = 1800 255-45 = 210 Solution 12 A direct relationship was observed between trans-fat and CHD, whereas inverse relation was observed between CHD and polyunsaturated fat. In women aged less than 65 the results were evidenced to be more prominent and relevant. Among women with a higher BMI, the risk of CHD was increased with intake of Polyunsaturated fat intake. Solution 13 (180/10000) * 100 = 1.8 % (180/10000)*100 = 1.8% Solution 14 Mortality risk = (180/10000) * 100= 1.8%. Solution 15 {(5-1)/5 } * 100 = 80 % {(15-1.9)/15} * 100 = 87.33 % Solution 16 Mortality risk = (180/10000) * 100= 1.8%. Solution 18 Inorder to eradicate motor related deaths, the funding should be allocated equally to two risk factors. The speed limit should be strictly monitored and drive while intoxicated should be severely penalized. References Ndrepepa, G. (2015). BMI and coronary heart disease: no difference according to sex. The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology, 3(6), 398-400. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00103-5 Nelson, G. (2009). Dietary Fat, Trans Fatty Acids, and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease.Nutrition Reviews, 56(8), 250-252. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01758.x Oh, K. (2005). Dietary Fat Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women: 20 Years of Follow-up of the Nurses' Health Study. American Journal Of Epidemiology, 161(7), 672-679. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi085 Sedgwick, P. (2010). Incidence rate ratio.BMJ, 341(sep08 1), c4804-c4804. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c4804 Taylor, C., Zahradka, P. (2013). Do high dietary intakes of linoleic acid protect against death from coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease?.Clinical Lipidology, 8(5), 493-495. https://dx.doi.org/10.2217/clp.13.48 Uhry, Z., Belot, A., Colonna, M., Bossard, N., Rogel, A., Iwaz, J. et al. (2013). National cancer incidence is estimated using the incidence/mortality ratio in countries with local incidence data: Is this estimation correct?.Cancer Epidemiology, 37(3), 270-277. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2012.12.007 shirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3103058623568964680.post-64724552852015235162020-03-29T15:30:00.001-07:002020-03-29T15:30:03.582-07:00Make Green Delicious free essay sample With global accolades, rave reviews and local food critics, its customer bases has grown substantially. Kennedy wants to expose the thought of slow food philosophy to as many people as possible, from his customers, workers, to the community. In order to set up a foundation, build public relation and reach more people in the community, Kennedy has to spend more time and extra money which a lot of his chefs found it unnecessary. To balance between grown and sustainability, Kennedy should cut costs in other areas. C. Alternatives: 1. Set up foundation * Cut costs * Pair up with a local non-governmental organization as it may be hard to run a foundation without proper skills training 2. Do not set up foundation D. - Recommendation: Set up the foundation. If the foundation succeeds, it can achieve Kennedy`s goal of educating the public about the slow food philosophy. It will help the corporation overall as it furthers differentiate the brand. We will write a custom essay sample on Make Green Delicious or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If the foundation fails, it will hurt the corporation a bit but with its 33 years of experience and brand building, it should be able to recover. E. - Implementation Plan: It may be a good idea to pair up with a local non-governmental organization so that it reduces the risk of failing to manage the foundation. It is important to look for a local non-governmental organization that agrees and aligns with the firm`s own philosophy and goals. In terms of cutting costs, as mentioned in the case, it can move the production kitchen to a lower cost location and supply Jamie Kennedy Kitchens with his own rural farm. In this way, efficiency is improved. One issue that should be taken into consideration is that by supplying the corporation with its own farm, it may be competing with the local suppliers and damage the established relationship between suppliers. shirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3103058623568964680.post-6103979414433138522020-03-07T08:58:00.001-08:002020-03-07T08:58:02.309-08:00Suicide Locations Essay examplesSuicide Locations Essay examples Suicide Locations Essay examples Suicide Locations: The Deeper Meaning behind the Tragedy Suicide is the act of taking one's own life voluntarily and intentionally. There are many intentions when it comes to suicide. One might want to punish someone by making them feel responsible, want to join a loved one that has died or donââ¬â¢t feel like they belong. When someone has the intention of killing themselves, there are several different methods. From most popular to least popular methods include firearms, hanging/suffocation, solid/liquid poison, gas poison and jumping from high places. All of these different ways have a deeper meaning. Every suicide ever planned has the intention of leaving behind a message. The suicide location is one of these. The location the suicidal person chooses to end their life at is an important factor in the suicide attempt. In the novel ââ¬Å"A Long Way Downâ⬠, an unexpected group of people meet on New Year's Eve on the roof of the popular suicide spot Topper's House, where eac h one has the intention of ending their lives. If it were not for the location this group of people chose to potentially end their life, they would have never been able to save themselves. There are three types of suicidal, those who attempt but donââ¬â¢t want to die, those that are undecided and those who attempt and want to die. Those that donââ¬â¢t want to die make it a red light for those close to him/her. Those who are undecided let others know their intentions and leave the rest to them to interfere. If nothing is done, then it must be fate. If theyââ¬â¢re barred then life must be worthwhile. Those that want to die are usually affected by depression or are bipolar and are left untreated. Depression isnââ¬â¢t about being sad. Itââ¬â¢s like a darkness that takes over someone and fills them. It drains everything emotional in a person. It takes everything, and leaves one feeling hollow and numb. Like nothing. Itââ¬â¢s not sadness, itââ¬â¢s not anger, itââ¬â ¢s hopelessness. They may feel like there is no hope left. This is the most dangerous type of suicidal because it can be easily prevented by prescribing the adequate medication or counseling. Sometimes it only takes one to person to save a life. One of the worldââ¬â¢s top suicide locations is the Aokigahara Forest in Japan. Aokigahara is also known as the Sea of Trees. It is a forest that lies at the base of Mount Fuji. The caverns found in this forest are rocky and ice-covered, even during the summer. It is an old forest reportedly haunted by many legends of ghosts and goblins, which add to its sinister reputation. Aokigahara has been suspected to have begun its death toll after the novel Kuroi Kaiju (Black Sea of Trees) in 1960. At the end of this novel, it ends with two lovers committing suicide in the Aokigahara forest. People who enter this shirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3103058623568964680.post-4265731374525354392020-02-20T00:24:00.001-08:002020-02-20T00:24:02.686-08:00Operation management exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsOperation management exam - Essay Example The main objective of the concept is to optimize from the production processes while reducing on wastage. The concept aims to reduce lead time and batch size and increase the throughput time. The implementation in company results to efficient running of the processes perfectly aligned to the quantity demanded. The history of the concept dates back in Japan where it was recognised as a means of production. The concept was initially known as the Toyota production system since it was practised in order to compete with the automobile industry in America as explained by Coyle, Bardi and Langley (2009). It was observed that in America, production was based on the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) however, the method could not work in Japan as the domestic demand was lower and there was demand for different models in small quantities. This led to the introduction of the concept that was based on elimination of waste resulting from inventory costs, processing time , transportation, time spent waiting and excess production. The implementation of concept saw the rise of the industry and realised more profits however the system needs employee participation and good management for it to yield benefits to the company. The JIT manufacturing system benefits a company in several ways the most important are the reduction of inventories. Customer relations improves as the company reduces the throughput time resulting to greater output and fast response to the customers demands and also minimizes the rates of defects leading satisfaction. There is reduced setup time that allows the company to eliminate the stock for change over time. The system simplifies inventory management as there is improved flow of goods from the warehouse. Schedules of working hours, production and supply are synchronized with the demand and optimal inventory amounts. shirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3103058623568964680.post-6449216570651804342020-02-04T14:31:00.001-08:002020-02-04T14:31:02.743-08:00Marketing Essentials Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 wordsMarketing Essentials - Assignment Example Subsequent to that, the Company developed and published ââ¬ËModern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatmentââ¬â¢ in the year of 1888. In the same year, the Company successfully innovated and launched the first commercial first aid kits. The Maternity kits were launched for the purpose of making childbirth safer in the year of 1894. Johnson & Johnson has strong credos that are inbuilt into the companyââ¬â¢s business ideology. The first responsibility is to the nurses, patients, nurses, to fathers and mothers who use the company services and products. In addition to that, the Company maintains following standards: High Quality, Prompt service delivery, Equal opportunity for the suppliers, Individual attention to employees, Adequate and fair compensation and working conditions, Equal employment opportunities. Johnson & Johnson has no established mission or vision statement. However, the credos and values are considered to be serving the role of mission and vision statement for the company. Chapter 2 Analysis of company situation Source: (Johnson & Johnson annual report 2011). Johnson & Johnson performed well in the year of 2011. It produced adjusted earnings for the 28th consecutive year (Annual Report, 2011). In the year, the companyââ¬â¢s aggregate sales were $ 65.0 billion adding an increase of 5.6 percent into the sales. Operationally, sales grew by 2.8 percent, representing the growing demand and strength of new products particularly in the pharmaceuticals business segment, science-based continuous innovations in the consumer business, steady and constant growth in the MD&D franchise and strong growth was recorded in the emerging markets (Annual Report, 2011). Up to 70 percent of sales were generated by products having No.1 or No.2 global market share positions. And approximately 25 percent of sales were generated through the products introduced in the past five years (Annual Report, 2011). Also, the company invested $ 7.5 billion in advanced robust pipelines and Research & Development across three of the main business segments. Due to this substantial investments in the R&D projects, the company generated considerable free cash flow of nearly & 11.4 billion. The consequent effect appeared in the shape of AAA credit ratings and consecutively increasing the dividend to shareholders for the last 49 years. Source: (Johnson & Johnson Annual Report, 2011). Chapter 3 Market situation The United States of America remains the biggest market for the personal care and health care products. The market situation in the United States indicates that there are more than 800 companies serving in the personal care and health industry and their collective annual revenues has been estimated around $ 38 billion (Hoovers, 2012). The major companies include Johnson & Johnson, Estee Lauder and Procter & Gamble. The research indicates that this industry is heavily concentrated and 85 percent of industry revenue is contributed by the 50 largest firms i n the personal care products (Hoovers, 2012). Top 5 Companies Source: Hoovers D&B Company The above graph highlights 5 leading companies in the personal and health care p shirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3103058623568964680.post-77969092671641968342020-01-27T10:55:00.001-08:002020-01-27T10:55:07.568-08:00The Concept Of Rural Marketing In India Economics EssayThe Concept Of Rural Marketing In India Economics Essay The concept of Rural Marketing in Indian economy has always played an influential role in the lives of rural population of India. In India, except few metropolitan cities, almost all the districts and industrial townships are well connected with rural markets. Though rural marketing is a new concept and ideology in the arena of marketing, it has left a strong feeling among the people that without giving appropriate weight to rural areas and its development, it could never be possible to ensure the overall growth and well being of the country. Since past few years considerable developments are taking place to reconstruct the rural part of India. Many corporate houses have entered into the field of rural marketing to contribute in rural development of the country. Godrej, Birla, ITC, Reliance and many others has established rural retail hubs as a result of that economic status has been significantly improved. Farmers are getting access to market to sell their product as well as keeping themselves updated and informed regarding the going on trends of market. * Assist. Professor, Rajarshi School of Management Technology, U.P. College, Varanasi The rural market in India is not a separate entity in itself and it is highly influenced by the sociological and behavioral factors operating in the country. The rural population in India accounts for around 627 million, which is exactly 74.3 percent of the total population. The concept of rural marketing in India is often been found to form ambiguity in the minds of people who think rural marketing is all about agricultural marketing. However, rural marketing determines the carrying out of business activities bringing in the flow of goods from urban sectors to the rural regions of the country as well as the marketing of various products manufactured by the non-agricultural workers from rural to urban areas. To be precise, Rural Marketing in India Economy covers two broad sections, namely: Selling of agricultural items in the urban areas Selling of manufactured products in the rural regions Some of the important features or characteristics of Rural Marketing in India Economy are being listed below: With the initiation of various rural development programmes there have been an upsurge of employment opportunities for the rural poor. One of the biggest cause behind the steady growth of rural market is that it is not exploited and also yet to be explored. The rural market in India is vast and scattered and offers a plethora of opportunities in comparison to the urban sector. It covers the maximum population and regions and thereby, the maximum number of consumers. The social status of the rural regions is precarious as the income level and literacy is extremely low along with the range of traditional values and superstitious beliefs that have always been a major impediment in the progression of this sector. The steps taken by the Government of India to initiate proper irrigation, infrastructural developments, prevention of flood, grants for fertilizers, and various schemes to cut down the poverty line have improved the condition of the rural masses. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recently talked about his vision for rural India: My vision of rural India is of a modern agrarian, industrial and services economy co-existing side by side, where people can live in well-equipped villages and commute easily to work, be it on the farm or in the non-farm economy. There is much that modern science and technology can do to realise this vision. Rural incomes have to be increased. Rural infrastructure has to be improved. Rural health and education needs have to be met. Employment opportunities have to be created in rural areas. Go rural is the slogan of marketing gurus after analyzing the socio-economic changes in villages. The Rural population is nearly three times the urban, so that Rural consumers have become the prime target market for consumer durable and non-durable products, food, construction, electrical, electronics, automobiles, banks, insurance companies and other sectors besides hundred percent of agri-input products such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and farm machinery. The Indian rural market today accounts for only about Rs 8 billion of the total ad pie of Rs 120 billion, thus claiming 6.6 per cent of the total share. So clearly there seems to be a long way ahead. Although a lot is spoken about the immense potential of the unexplored rural market, advertisers and companies find it easier to vie for a share of the already divided urban pie. The success of a brand in the Indian rural market is as unpredictable as rain. It has always been difficult to gauge the rural market. Many brands, which should have been successful, have failed miserably. More often than not, people attribute rural market success to luck. Therefore, marketers need to understand the social dynamics and attitude variations within each village though nationally it follows a consistent pattern looking at the challenges and the opportunities which rural markets offer to the marketers it can be said that the future is very promising for those who can understand the dynamics of rural markets and exploit them to their best advantage. A radical change in attitudes of marketers towards the vibrant and burgeoning rural markets is called for, so they can successfully impress on the 230 million rural consumers spread over approximately six hundred thousand villages in rural India. What rural market buys? Rural India buys small packs, as they are perceived as value for money. There is brand stickiness, where a consumer buys a brand out of habit and not really by choice. Brands rarely fight for market share; they just have to be visible in the right place. Even expensive brands, such as Close-Up, Marie biscuits and Clinic shampoo are doing well because of deep distribution, many brands are doing well without much advertising support Ghadi, a big detergent brand in North India, is an example. Why Rural Market? The Indian rural market has a huge demand base and offers great opportunities to marketers. Two-thirds of Indian consumers live in rural areas and almost half of the national income is generated here. The reasons for heading into the rural areas are fairly clear. The urban consumer durable market for products like colour TVs, washing machines, refrigerators and air conditioners is growing annually at between 7 per cent and 10 per cent. The rural market is zooming ahead at around 25 per cent annually. The rural market is growing faster than urban India now, says Venugopal Dhoot, chairman of the Rs 989 -crore(Rs billion) Videocon Appliances. The urban market is a replacement and up gradation market today, adds Samsungs director, marketing, Ravinder Zutshi. Reasons for improvement of business in rural area *Socio-economic changes (lifestyle, habits and tastes, economic status) *Literacy level (25% before independence more than 65% in 2001) *Infrastructure facilities (roads, electricity, media) *Increase in income à *Increase in expectations MART, the specialist rural marketing and rural development consultancy has found that 53 per cent of FMCG sales lie in the rural areas, as do 59 per cent of consumer durable sales, said its head Pradeep Kashyap at the seminar. Of two million BSNL mobile connections, 50 per cent went to small towns and villages, of 20 million Rediffmail subscriptions, 60 per cent came from small towns, so did half the transactions on Rediffs shopping site. Special features of rural market Unlike urban markets, rural markets are difficult to predict and possess special characteristics. The featured population is predominantly illiterate, have low income, characterized by irregular income, lack of monthly income and flow of income fluctuating with the monsoon winds. Rural markets face the critical issues of Distribution, Understanding the rural consumer, Communication and Poor infrastructure. The marketer has to strengthen the distribution and pricing strategies. The rural consumer expects value for money and owing to has unsteady and meager status of weekly income; increasing the household income and improving distribution are the viable strategies that have to be adapted to tap the immense potential of the market. Media reach is a strong reason for the penetration of goods like cosmetics, mobile phones, etc., which are only used by the urban people. Increasing awareness and knowledge on different products and brands accelerate the demand. The rural audience are however critical of glamorous ads on TV, and depend on the opinion leaders who introduce the product by using it and recommending it. Opinion leaders play a key role in popularizing products and influence in rural market. Nowadays educated youth of rural also influences the rural consumers. Rural consumers are influenced by the life style they watch on television sets. Their less exposure to outside world makes them innocent and fascinated to novelties. The reach of mass television media, especially television has influenced the buying behaviour greatly. Creating brands for rural India Rural markets are delicately powerful. Certain adaptations are required to cater to the rural masses; they have unique expectation and warrant changes in all four parameters of product, price, promotion and distribution. A lot is already emphasized on adapting the product and price in terms of packaging, flavouring, etc and in sachets, priced to suit the economic status of the rural India in sizes like Rs.5 packs and Re.1 packs that are perceived to be of value for money. This is a typical penetration strategy, that promises to convert the first time customers to repeated customers. The promotion strategies and distribution strategies are of paramount importance. Ad makers have learnt to leverage the benefits of improved infrastructure and media reach. The television airs advertisements to lure rural masses, and they are sure it reaches the target audience, because majority of rural India possesses and is glued to TV sets! Distributing small and medium sized packets thro poor roads, over long distances, into deep pockets of rural India and getting the stockiest to trust the mobility is a Herculean task. Giving the confidence those advertisements will support. Sales force is being trained to win the confidence of opinion leaders. Opinion leaders play an important role in popularizing the brand. They sometimes play the role of entry barriers for new products. The method of promotion needs to be tailored to suit the expectations of the market. Techniques that have proved to be successful are Van campaigns, edutainment films, generating word of mouth publicity through opinion leaders, colourful wall paintings. The Wide reach of television has exposed the other wise conservative audience to westernization. Panchayat televisions in Tamilnadu carries message that are well received and contribute to community development. Dynamics of rural markets differ from other market types, and similarly rural marketing strategies are also significantly different from the marketing strategies aimed at an urban or industrial consumer. This, along with several other related issues, have been subject matter of intense discussions and debate in countries like India and China and focus of even international symposia organized in these countries.à Rural markets and rural marketing involve a number of strategies, which include: * Client and location specific promotion *Joint or cooperative promotion *Bundling of inputs *Partnership for sustainability Client and Location specific promotion involves a strategy designed to be suitable to the location and the client. Joint or co-operative promotion strategy involves participation between the marketing agencies and the client. Bundling of inputs denote a marketing strategy, in which several related items are sold to the target client, including arrangements of credit, after-sale service, and so on. Media, both traditional as well as the modern media, is used as a marketing strategy to attract rural customers. Partnership for sustainability involves laying and building a foundation for continuous and long lasting relationship. Innovative media can be used to reach the rural customers. Radio and television are the conventional media that are reaching the rural audience effectively. But horse cart, bullock cart and wall writing are the other media, which can carry the message effectively to the rural customers.à Rural marketing is an evolving concept, and as a part of any economy has untapped potential; marketers have realized the opportunity recently. Improvement in infrastructure and reach, promise a bright future for those intending to go rural. Rural consumers are keen on branded goods nowadays, so the market size for products and services seems to have burgeoned. The rural population has shown a trend of wanting to move into a state of gradual urbanization in terms of exposure, habits, lifestyles and lastly, consumption patterns of goods and services. There are dangers on concentrating more on the rural customers. Reducing the product features in order to lower prices is a dangerous game to play. Rural Market: Areas with high level of expectation The Indian growth story is now spreading itself to Indias hinterlands. Rural India, which accounts for more than 70 per cent of the countrys one billion population (according to the Census of India 2001), is not just witnessing an increase in its income but also in consumption and production. The Union Budget for 2009-10 hiked the allocation for the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) to US$ 8.03 billion, giving a boost to the rural economy. This is in addition to the ambitious Bharat Nirman Programme with an outlay of US$ 34.84 billion for improving rural infrastructure. According to a study on the impact of the slowdown on rural markets commissioned by RMAI and conducted by MART, the rural economy has not been impacted by the global economic slowdown, according to a study by the Rural Marketing Association of India (RMAI). The study found that the rural and small town economy which accounts for 60 per cent of Indias income has remained insulated from the economic slowdown. Moreover, rural incomes are on the rise driven largely due to continuous growth in agriculture for four consecutive years. Moreover, the rural consumer market, which grew 25 per cent in 2008 when demand in urban areas slowed due to the global recession, is expected to reach US$ 425 billion in 2010-11 with 720-790 million customers, according to a white paper prepared by CII-Technopak. That will be double the 2004-05 market size of US$ 220 billion. According to the study, while the durables market shrunk in urban India, the rural market is seeing a 15 per cent growth rate. Fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) sales are up 23 per cent and telecom is growing at 13 per cent. FMCG According to figures released by market researcher AC Nielsen, demand for personal care products grew faster in rural areas than urban areas during the period April-September 2009. Several FMCG companies such as Godrej Consumer Products, Dabur, Marico and Hindustan Unilever (HUL) have increased their hiring in rural India and small towns in order to establish a local connect and increase visibility. GlaxoSmithkline Consumer Healthcare (GSK) and Nestle and are now launching products specifically for rural markets. Anand Ramanathan, an analyst from KPMG, said, Till recently, most FMCG companies used to treat rural markets as adjuncts to their urban strongholds and rural consumers as a homogeneous mass without segmenting them into target markets and positioning brands appropriately. Retail The rural retail market is currently estimated at US$ 112 billion, or around 40 per cent of the US$ 280 billion Indian retail market, according to a study paper, The Rise of Rural India, by the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM). Major domestic retailers like AV Birla, ITC, Godrej, Reliance and many others have already set up farm linkages. Hariyali Kisan Bazaars (DCM) and Aadhars (Pantaloon-Godrej JV), Choupal Sagars (ITC), Kisan Sansars (Tata), Reliance Fresh, Project Shakti (Hindustan Unilever) and Naya Yug Bazaar are established rural retail hubs. Pharmaceuticals /Healthcare According to a report by McKinsey, the rural and tier-II pharmaceuticals market will account for almost half of the growth till 2015. The tier-II market will grow to 44 per cent by 2015, amounting to US$ 8.8 billion. The health ministry is setting up a mechanism to screen people in rural areas for lifestyle diseases such as diabetes. Union Health Minister Ghulam Nabi Azad said that in the case of diabetes, the government was working out a strategy to diagnose those in the age group 30-40 years in rural areas, for diseases. The multinational drug company, Sanofi-Aventis, has launched Prayas, a marketing initiative to market generics in rural areas and small towns. Through this initiative, the company looks to share medical knowledge with a body of practitioners and specialists in rural areas through workshops. Telecommunication A joint Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) and Ernst Young report reveals that of the next 250 million Indian wireless users, approximately 100 million (40 per cent) are likely to be from rural areas, and by 2012, rural users will account for over 60 per cent of the total telecom subscriber base in India. In a bid to acquire rural subscribers, most Indian telecom operators have started investing in infrastructure to roll out their services in these areas. Realising this as a huge potential, small Indian handset manufacturing companies, including Micromax, Intex Technologies and Karbonn, have lined up a marketing spend of around US$ 21.02 million for the financial year 2009-10. Infrastructure The World Bank has said that all-weather roads in villages in India have served to double the income of rural households, lift the literacy rate and increase land prices. Meanwhile, the Orissa government had decided to undertake an initiative to improve roadways in rural areas and upgrade 10,000 km of roads in rural areas. The decision was taken at a high level meeting chaired by Mr. Naveen Patnaik, Chief Minister of Orissa in December 2009. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) has sanctioned an amount of US$ 34.4 million to the government of West Bengal under the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) XV. NABARD has also sanctioned a US$ 26.29 million loan to Karnataka for the construction of infrastructure projects, such as secondary schools, rural godowns, jetties, minor irrigation structures, roads and bridges, in rural areas. Automobiles Mahindra and Mahindra Group (MM) arm, Mahindra First Choice, has announced that it is to set up sales and service outlets in rural areas with the target of setting up 100,000 vehicles by 2015, according to MM President Rajeev Dubey. Meanwhile, motorcycle manufacturer TVS Motor Co. Ltd has said that it is depending on a far-reaching penetration of the rural market and the launch of new brands to boost the companys growth in 2010. Services Sector According to a report based on the 63rd round of survey by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), 60 per cent of the services sector enterprises in the country are located in rural areas. Of the 16.5 million services sector enterprises in India in 2006-07, 85 per cent were own account enterprises (OAEs) while the remaining 15 per cent were establishments. Seventy six per cent of the workers employed in these enterprises were employed in the rural areas of the country. Road ahead According to international consultancy firm Celent, rural markets in India will grow to a potential of US$ 1.9 billion by 2015 from the current US$ 487 million. Rural markets are growing at double the pace of urban markets and for many product categories, rural markets account for well over 60 per cent of the national demand. The success of the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM), which has so far trained 100,000 rural youth, has led the rural development ministry to request an increase in budgetary allocation for the project. Rita Sharma, Secretary in the Rural Development Ministry, has said that they had sought US$ 2.29 billion from the Finance Ministry. shirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3103058623568964680.post-20297555833082030522020-01-19T07:19:00.001-08:002020-01-19T07:19:03.809-08:00Wal-Mart: Penetrating CitiesBusiness opportunities do not necessarily come as fixed process transactions. Apparently, when an established company has already earned a good market reputation, the next step for it is to increase its business quality output in terms of maximizing its earning potential through various channels. The aspects of customer service, supplier partnership and logistics can greatly induce more earnings if delegated correctly. For Wal-Mart, the worldââ¬â¢s largest retailer according to Fishmanââ¬â¢s article, the best possible concept is penetrating into cities and establishes a ââ¬Ëgrass rootââ¬â¢ foundation within segmented markets. One of the main advantages of having this approach for Wal-Mart is that the company can easily manage its logistic procedures. In a compact city, it is much easier to transport merchandises within specified small locations. Good logistic systems can utilize the best resources inside and outside the company span (Brewer 12). This could easily save time and money resources for the business therefore improving inventory and tracking delivery transactions. Another good benefit in this city-concentration approach is that if Wal-Mart can establish a mini counterpart of retail outlets within cities, it would be very difficult for the competitor to have a head-on collision with the company since the brand Wal-Mart speaks for itself in terms of advertising. Also people will have greater access to Wal-Martââ¬â¢s services and may at least feel they have a customized branch outlet of the company since the stores will comply with the laws accepted within the city parameters, thus increasing the companyââ¬â¢s sales. Just like what the company has done in Monona, Wisconsin, a customized super center was established as shoppers get great benefits in terms of convenience and huge savings (Wal-Mart Facts 1). Just like any business approaches, penetrating cities can also pose some disadvantages. For one, the establishment of new satellite stores in cities requires great investment allocations. This could impose a certain degree of Wal-Martââ¬â¢s capital calculation. Moreover, commodity allocation per store can become a problem since the company head administration will need to monitor each and every merchant units in all the cities it has established its branches. Establishing a business presence in a local city can greatly increase customer satisfaction and convenience. However, there should always be a way to weigh the investment costs and profit accumulation before a company can initiate this kind of approach. For Wal-Mart, since it already has an established name with huge capitals, penetrating cities can be the best way to expand its specific market influence. Works Cited Brewer, Ann. ââ¬Å"Handbook of Logistics and Supply-Chain Management.â⬠Google Books. 2001. 10 Mar 2008 . Fishman, Charles. ââ¬Å"The Wal-Mart You Don't Know.â⬠FastCompany. 2003. 10 Mar 2008 . Wal-Mart, ââ¬Å"New Super center Is Custom-Made for Monona .â⬠Wal-Mart Facts. 2008. 10 shirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3103058623568964680.post-44696025909509644772020-01-11T03:43:00.001-08:002020-01-11T03:43:05.121-08:00Dramatic effects to in Act 1, Scene 1 and Act 3, Scene 1 of ââ¬ÅRomeo and Julietââ¬Â EssayHow does Shakespeare use language and dramatic effects to in Act 1, Scene 1 and Act 3, Scene 1 of Montague family. Later in Act One Scene Five he authenticates that all that is ever on his mind is war as when he sees Romeo at the Capulet party (Romeo being a Montague and therefore not wanted), instead of letting it pass as a party in Elizabethan times and today is no place for fighting, he asks Capulet for permission to fight him there and then ââ¬â ââ¬Å"Uncle, this is a Montague, our foe; a villain, that is hither come in spite to scorn at our solemnity this night.â⬠This quote demonstrates Tybaltââ¬â¢s willingness to vehemently insult others and the ââ¬Å"sâ⬠sounds he uses suggests he is almost hissing his hatred. Throughout the play Tybalt is extremely one-dimensional when it comes to language; when he speaks it as always at a dramatic or leading up to a dramatic point in the play. Maybe due to the similar circumstances that he speaks in or the fact that he is a warrior and no poet he repeatedly speaks in blank verse (or prose) Romeo is an archetypal lover, who despite his good intentions is still forced into fighting. He is the one male character in the entire to play that is willing to forsake his family name for love; this portrays him as an outsider to typical Veronian behaviour. This is strongly proclaimed by Shakespeare in Act One Scene One after a brawl between the two families in the streets ââ¬â ââ¬Å"What fray was here? Yet tell me not for I have heard it all!â⬠-Demonstrating Romeoââ¬â¢s mood as someone who is detached from the fighting as he dares to be. Although Shakespeare substantially promotes non-belligerence throughout the play using the character Benvolio, he does not agree with the way Romeo attempts to break up the fight between Tybalt and Mercutio (ââ¬Å"I thought all for the bestâ⬠) ââ¬â perhaps he is conveying to us that interference is bad. This is well shown in the Franco Zeffirelli (1968) film of ââ¬Å"Romeo and Julietâ⬠as the fight is made out to be g entlemanly and playful, it is shown to be Romeoââ¬â¢s fault Mercutio dies. Romeoââ¬â¢s extensive language adds to the atmosphere of the play and gave the highly trained ear of an Elizabethan play watcher an insight into what was going to happen. Whilst Romeo is not in a scene that is displaying any particular passion for love or war he speaks in blank verse, whilst when he is with Juliet he switches to sonnet (or rhyming verse) form ââ¬â this wasà considered very romantic in this period of history, finally when Romeo challenges Tybalt he seeps into more colloquial, cruel pros to demonstrate his anger. What is most noticeable about the language Romeo uses is actually that it seems always to be tainted, this is due to the constraint oxymorons he uses ââ¬â ââ¬Å"Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health.â⬠This bolsters the contrast Shakespeare creates, the way that the play is constantly switching between violent or death or love scenes. The character of Romeo is all about contrast ââ¬â one second he is the loving husband of Juliet, the other he is the bloodthirsty killer of Tybalt. From the beginning to the end of the play, Shakespeare exploits this contrast. In the prologue, the audience is told that the ââ¬Å"lovers take their lifeâ⬠. Love is tainted with death. At the end, by using Romeo and Juliet as a sacrifice, ending the ancient grudge, we continue to experience mixed emotions because of this contrast. Although death claims two innocent lives, love is ultimately triumphant. Tybaltââ¬â¢s opposite is Benvolio. Unlike Tybalt, war is the last thing he thinks about, instead he feels that there is much more to life than fighting and in reconciliation of this he will always try to break up fights, this is shown in the Act One Scene One when he attempts to break up the fight that Sampson and Gregory have created by shouting ââ¬Å"Part, fools! Put up your swords; you know not what you do.â⬠Benvolioââ¬â¢s underlying judiciousness is shown by the use of the word ââ¬Å"foolsâ⬠; proving that he considers Samson and Gregory to be imbeciles for fighting. Not only does Benvolio try to break up fights, he also is willing to give council to his friends ââ¬â the particular case shown in the play is when he confides with Romeo about Rosalin ââ¬â ââ¬Å"What sadness lengthens Romeoââ¬â¢s hours?â⬠Shakespeare uses him as a dramatic device, for example he always truthfully reports fights, does not get killed and has an active participation s o could possibly be viewed as a role model. Also, interestingly enough in Act Three Scene One he does not get involved in the fighting even when Mercutio is killed; this is another of Shakespeareââ¬â¢s more pacifistic of opinions saying that you should not even fight if it is to bring someone to justice. Amid the highs and lows of the play Benvolio only employs two different styles of language, he uses prose or blank verse when he is speaking in a time of peace e.g. when counselling Romeo, and mergesà into a rhymed verse when his adrenalin is at is peak ââ¬â like when he is breaking up a fight. The rhymed verse shows his high principles and how he understands the responsibilities of being a noble. Although Tybalt, Romeo and Benvolio are undoubtedly the dominant male characters, males such as Mercutio, Sampson and Gregory succeed in making important points concerning the main theme of the play, masculinity. Sampson and Gregory spearhead the first scene with a crude, slanderous conversation that ultimately leads to a brawl in the tight streets of Verona. Shakespeare moulds them into a tool for expressing loutish ââ¬â therefore not truly manly behaviour. They also play an important part in starting the fight, which captures the audiencesââ¬â¢ attention in the beginning of the play. These louts are more interested in showing off to each other than helping to maintain a stable society, they do this by making bold comments concerning sex and fighting ââ¬â it makes their already oversized ego swell with feelings of machismo. The language they use reinforces this behaviour ââ¬â ââ¬Å"I will push Montagueââ¬â¢s men from the wall and thrust his maids to the wall.â⬠The verbs ââ¬Å"pushâ⬠and ââ¬Å"thrustâ⬠are very violent adding to Gregoryââ¬â¢s and Sampsonââ¬â¢s characters. Overall Sampson and Gregory set the initial tone of the play, they show the audience the relevance to masculinity in it, that the play will have a varied temperament and to expect wordplay ââ¬â especially with characters such as Mercutio to come. Concerning wordplay, Mercutio uses it extensively; even when he is on the brink of death he jokes ââ¬â ââ¬Å"Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man.â⬠Mercutio does this to conserve his manliness; in modern day terms it is comparable to a rugby player being injured seriously and asking to continue playing. However, after his witty fusillade of comic comments it is revealed to his friend that he is in fact in terrible pain as in his last breaths he shouts out ââ¬Å"A plague a ââ¬Ëboth your houses,â⬠He repeats this three times for added effect. This curse was one of incredible seriousness at the time, as in the 16th century England had been devastated by plagues several times. With this, Mercutio the joker ends his life on a malicious tone; this reinforces the idea that the feud is to blame for his death. Shakespeare creates the playââ¬â¢s atmosphere using several dramatic effects, a very important one is the terminology used for swords especially during the first seen. Sampson and Gregory refer to their weapons with sexual connotations, for example the terms ââ¬Å"fiddling stickâ⬠and ââ¬Å"naked weaponâ⬠are both used, these props swell the testosterone filled nature of the young duelling males. This effect is essential as in the 16th century a swordsman of Tybaltââ¬â¢s calibre was admired; this is demonstrated when the placid Benvolio describes Tybalt as ââ¬Å"stoutâ⬠. Shakespeare makes a key point concerning masculinity in Act Three Scene One when the prince denounces Romeoââ¬â¢s masculine, but not law-abiding action when he kills Tybalt to avenge Mercutio in order to protect the citizens of Verona. Shakespeare makes the prince do this to express that people should do what is in the communityââ¬â¢s interests rather than allowing deaths to slip past their gaze. The prince puts down this manly action by exiling Romeo thus pleasing both houses and keeping peace ââ¬â ââ¬Å"Romeo slew him; he slew Tybalt, and for that offence we do exile him hence.â⬠This corresponds directly towards Elizabethan England as due to numerous noble duels, many high up people were getting killed so duals began to be clamped down on more thoroughly. Yet another way in which Shakespeare adds to the feel of tension in the play -as well as giving the audience an additional awareness of the social context is by the setting. Shakespeare sets the play in the swelteringly hot and extraordinarily cramped city of Verona; this style of city was typical of the Elizabethan period adding to the play a more realistic feel. A good example of this being shown is when Romeo asks the way to the house of Capulet and the servant replies ââ¬Å"up.â⬠ââ¬â this is an obvious referral to the architectural style of the Elizabethan period. In addition the combination of heat and little space may have irritated the characters ââ¬â adding to their aggression. Later on in actà three Benvolio sums this up by saying ââ¬Å"The day is hot, the capels are aboard, And if we meet we shall not escape a brawl, For now, these hot days, is the mad blood stirring.â⬠Shakespeare creates a testosterone driven world that reflects the aggressive and competitive attitudes of males in Renaissance Europe. The contrasting characters suggest different male attributes; some being kind and trustworthy, whilst others are nasty and cruel. This explosive structure creates tension; at any moment passion and anger could erupt ââ¬â throwing society into disarray. Perhaps Shakespeare s suggesting men need to control their desire to fight and should be open, friendly and compassionate. shirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3103058623568964680.post-34965477196187130322020-01-03T00:07:00.001-08:002020-01-03T00:07:04.797-08:00Jackson And The Native Indians Essay - 1659 Words Jackson and The Native Indians Andrew Jackson, The United States seventh president, was possibly one of the worst human beings to be president and treated the Native Indians horribly. He, was a bully and used his position to get acts and petitions like the Indian Removal Act passed, to help push Native Indians around so he could get his own way. The Indian Removal Act in and of itself seemingly doesnââ¬â¢t contain that much power, however it was all the power Jackson needed. The circumstances of Jacksonââ¬â¢s character and the debates surrounding the Act also lend and interesting lens to examine what Jackson intentions were. When looking at Jackson and how he managed to relocate the Native it becomes substantially more integral to examine all the documents with a wide scope to see how he even managed the relocation of Natives. The character of Andrew Jackson, first must be considered and examined, before one can fully understand the how Jackson managed to relocate so many natio ns. The character of Andrew Jackson is one of vanity, impatience, and of being temperamental. This is crucial to remember so that in future documents and debates you can assess his tone and underlying intentions. In A Retrospective Glance at the Character of Andrew Jackson, 1827 we see Jackson order a gun to be brought to him so that he could shoot the pilot of another vessel because a ship kept passing him up and then pulling over to let Jacksonââ¬â¢s vessel pass her up and continued repeating this process.Show MoreRelatedAndrew Jackson And The Indian Removal Act Of Native Americans778 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Cherokee Indians are one of the most well-known American Indian tribes here in the U.S. However, once the Europeans came to the new world and started to expand their territory, this did not bode well for them. Many tribes were enraged by the expansion into Native American lands. Even when the Europeans had promised that they would not encroach onto their lands. Gold w as said to be on the lands of the Cherokee and this made the Europeans want to break their promise to the Indians even more soRead MoreThe Indian Removal Act Of 18301299 Words à |à 6 Pagesconstant battle between Native Americans and the earliest European settlers. There were many diverse, and complex views when approaching this subject matter; however, in 1830 President Andrew Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act, which forced Indians to relocate from their homelands in south east to land west of the Mississippi river. This granted the U.S. a large portion of new rich land, unfortunately it was at the expense of the Native Americans. When passing the Indian Removal Act of 1830, PresidentRead MoreAndrew Jackson And The Removal Policy820 Words à |à 4 Pagesof the United States; Andrew Jackson, was not only notorious for his success as a general but also for his actions as president. The Removal Policy is still discussed today because of the question of whether or not the re moval of Native Americans benefited them or not. The intent of Jacksons actions is controversial because it is not clear if he acted in the best interest of Native Americans or for white settlers. Robert Reminis writing Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars he concludes that JacksonsRead MoreDid Andrew Jacksons Removal Act Benefit the Indians? Essay1677 Words à |à 7 PagesRobert V. Remini shows that Andrew Jacksonââ¬â¢s Indian Removal Act benefits the Native Americans. Andrew Jackson made notice of the issue with the Indians in his inaugural speech on March 4, 1829. He declared that he wanted to give humane and considerable attention to the Indianââ¬â¢s rights and wants in respect to the government and people. Jackson knew that meant to get rid of all remaining tribes beyond the Mississippi River. He (Jackson) believed that the Indians would be better off in the west; withoutRead MoreAndrew Jackson, First Annual Message to Congress (1829) Essay992 Words à |à 4 Pagesearly n ineteenth century was the removal of the numerous indian tribes from there native land. Andrew jackson, A former frontiersman and Indian fighter, was a major catalyst in the removal of the Native Americans. Perhaps in response to the controversy surrounding Jacksons actions concerning the removal of the Indian, and obviously to justify his and the United States conduct towards the Native American people, jackson delivered a message to congress. The message is displayedRead MoreAndrew Jackson, The Sharp Knife Essay1481 Words à |à 6 PagesAndrew Jackson, The Sharp Knife When we look back into history, we are now able to fully comprehend the atrocities the Indians faced at the hands of the historic general and President, Andrew Jackson. It can be seen as one of the most shameful and unjust series of political actions taken by an American government. However, as an American living almost 200 years later, it is crucial to look at the motives possessed by Andrew Jackson, and ask whether he fully comprehended the repercussionsRead MoreAndrew Jackson Indian Removeal Policy Essay1197 Words à |à 5 PagesWas Andrew Jacksons Indian Removal Policy Motivated by Humanitarian Impulses? Authors: Anthony F. C. Wallace, Robert V. Remini, A Summary By: History 2111 Summer 2011 A summary comparison of views regarding the Indian Removal Act of 1830, Was it an act of humanitarianism intended to help and save the Native American culture from the white settlers, as Robert V. Remini has argued? Or was his intent to destroy the tribal culture and to get rid of the Native Americans, as Anthony F.C WallaceRead MoreThe Indian Removal Act of 18301123 Words à |à 5 PagesTHE INDIAN REMOVAL ACT OF 1830 Migdalia Tuero HIST101: American History to 1877 Professor Kathleen Davis February 13, 2014 There are several historical events and issues that have impacted the contemporary political development among American history. In the history of America one of these groups are the Native Americans. The white man throughout the South called for a removal of the Indian peoples. They wanted the Native Indians to be resettled to the west because their presence createdRead MoreThe Long, Bitter Trail, Andrew Jackson And The Indians Essay1292 Words à |à 6 Pagesknew that the Americaââ¬â¢s were there, natives to the American lands were already here and thriving. As the land was discovered, more and more people from the European side of the Hemisphere traveled across the Atlantic Ocean to stake a claim for land in this newfound world. Throughout these Europeans settling in, and making new homes and lives for themselves these natives stayed to their own ways, and were slowly pushed westward. The problems between the Indians and now Americans were brought to theRead MoreNative American Perspective on Indian Removal Act807 Words à |à 4 PagesIn May 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act which forced Native American tribes to move west. Some Indians left swiftly, while others were forced to to leave by the United States Army. Some were even taken away in chains. Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States, strongly reinforced this act. In the Second State of the Union Address, Jackson advocated his Indian Policy. There was controversy as to whether the removal of the Native Americans was justified under the administration shirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3103058623568964680.post-20221398472785414272019-12-25T20:32:00.001-08:002019-12-25T20:32:04.965-08:00The Effects of LOP on Implicit and Explicit Memory Essay The Effects of LOP on Implicit and Explicit Memory The importance of memory is very high in comparison to the content of the memory. We use memory to recall information such as where you park your car upon arrival at the mall, the time and channel a particular news special is to be aired, or the types of drugs to which your child may be allergic. The former two are processed very shallowly. The information may be needed today but two weeks later, it is not important and most likely not remembered due to the weak memory trace. The latter of the three examples is vital information which is processed much more deeply that the other two. With the way that amnesiacsââ¬â¢ memory work, and patients with MS or focal lesions or Alzheimerââ¬â¢s disease,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦They would have to remember what was previously presented, and recall the words to complete the word list. A method of influencing, or priming, both the implicit and explicit memory is by altering the depth, or level of processing (LOP), prior to performing the word list. Altering the depth refers to the amount of cognitive processing it takes to interpret information. In these studies, the LOP is typically manipulated by changing what qualities about the words the participant is focusing on. Depending on how the LOP is changed will determine whether the participant is using a deep LOP or shallow LOP to process the information presented. Deep LOPs are affected participantââ¬â¢s interpretations of words on a list by their semantic meanings and uses such as their pleasantness, their meaning, or how they fit into a particular sentence or category. Shallow LOPs use less detail about the words and look at more nonsemantic qualities of the words such as the font in which the words are printed, searching for particular letters, counting the number of letters, or counting the number of vowels. Implicit and explicit memory is affected by the LOP. The more time and thinking that go into interpreting a word (i.e. meaning or usage), the more likely it will be that the word can be quickly recalled. As information is gathered from different sources throughout the day, such as watching television commercials, reading instructions, orShow MoreRelatedLevels Of Processing And Type Of Memory788 Words à |à 4 Pagesprocessing (LOP) and type of memory. The foundation of the present study is molded after the Challis, B. H., Brodbeck, D. R. (1992) study which aimed to confirm that LOP has a significant effect on type of memory. Researches, in addition to the previously mentioned, would like to validate that a dissociative effect will occur between the types of memory (implicit memory and explicit memory) just as Roediger, H. I., Srinivas, K., Weldon, M. S. (1989) reported. The results concluded that LOP does in shirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3103058623568964680.post-47442070661103011622019-12-17T16:22:00.001-08:002019-12-17T16:22:03.718-08:00Investigating Correlation Between Angles Of Incidence And... Introduction In the first part of this experiment we used a flat, concave, and convex mirror to determine the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection for a light rays reflection on these mirrors, seen in Procedure A. In the second part of this experiment we used a light source, a three-way mirror, a rhombus prism, and a protractor to measure angles of a light ray. All of these instruments and devices were used to examine the relationship of the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction for a light ray passing through a rhombus prism, seen in Procedure B. Lastly, in the third part of this experiment we used an acrylic rhomboid to observe the dispersion through the lens, seen in Procedure C and then proceed with calculating the different indices or refraction for different colors of light, seen in Procedure D. Theory Part A: Reflection We observe the Law of Reflection, which states that the angle of incidence will equal the angle of reflection coming from a beam of light. As Procedure A will show, when a beam of light is directed on a mirror being either flat, concave, or convex the beam of light will change directions according to the mirrors. The angle between the normal line and the first beam is known as the angle of incidence, (à ´i). The angle between the normal and reflected beam is known as the angle of the reflection, (à ´r). With these symbols we obtain the equation: à ´i= à ´r Part B: Refraction When a beam of light is directedShow MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words à |à 1422 Pagesgraduated from Iowa State University with a major in mathematics and, while acquiring graduate degrees at the University of Iowa, concentrated on statistics, computer programming, psychometrics, and test development. Currently, he divides his duties between teaching and evaluation; in addition to teaching, he is the assessment facilitator for the Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Community Schools. In his spare time he enjoys reading and hiking. He and his wife have a daughter, Anna, who is a graduate student in Civil shirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3103058623568964680.post-91059247444805127312019-12-09T13:05:00.001-08:002019-12-09T13:05:03.147-08:00Organizational Fundamentals Communication - Myassignmenthelp.Com Question: Discuss About The Organizational Fundamentals Communication? Answer: Introducation It is a common fact that every person has faced an issue of neglect and abuse in some point of time in his or her life. Every social worker interacts with a person who is a victim of neglect and abuse. It is necessary for every worker to know the way of responding such call for a help. Any social worker, who comes across a youth facing problems due to neglect and abuse, should be empathetic enough to understand the gravity of the situation. A youth worker should be calm and pacified enough to assure the victim a feeling of security and minimizing the feeling of guilt or anxiety. The youth worker should be able to reassure victim, installing confidence. The worker should be rational and be able to install a feeling of comfort in order to help the victim realize his or her potential to overcome the crisis or guilt (Payne 2015). In this manner, a youth worker should respond to any disclosure from a person who is a victim of neglect and abuse. The youth worker has the responsibility of understanding and empathizing with the revelations of a victim. A social worker has to work under certain limitations under which the response should be made. A youth worker should only listen and provide assistance but not investigate. The youth worker should stay calm and be sympathetic towards the victim, should be aware of possible medical evidence that might be required and provide comfort to the victim (Thompson 2015). The youth worker should not press the victim for more details, promise to keep secrets, pass on the information to other who are not in concern regarding the issue, contact the abuser or be judgmental about the situation and gossip (Dolgoff , Harrington and Loewenberg 2012). The limitation of the youth worker is to pass on the information to the concerned manager on line or contact the necessary services if required. In case the referral has been made yet the individual does not wish to proceed with an investigation then this should be brought into immediate notice and recorded. This could be helpful in discussion the best measures to protect the victim from further harm. The youth worker should maintain a precise note of the incident and describe the circumstance in which the disclosure has been made along with the witnesses present during the disclosure. Ensure proper validation of the date, time and location for future investigation. The Department of child protection can carry out its responsibilities if the act is classified under Childrens protection Act 1993 (SA). These responsibilities can be carries out if the act recognizes the abuse/neglect under sexual, psychology or emotional in nature. The law does not requires valid proof but just a notification to ensure the safety of the children In case of any notification the worker would take down relevant information and make assessment of the level of threat to the child or young individual which is then send forward to the closest District centre of the victim. In terms of any emergency like an abandoned child or grave threat to the safety of the child, a rapid response can be initiated out of the office, the Child Abuse Report Line can perform instant action before being forwarded to the District Centre. With reference to, this of the victim is in grave threat or abandoned then an emergency response can be initiated to protect and safeguard the individual fro m further harm and abuse. To have a better understanding to the idea of social advocacy a situation has been cited for better understanding. Assuming a child of 10 years of age is going through an emotional turmoil in his family due to the sudden death of his own father. Years later, his mother marries another man whom the child has difficulty in accepting and assuming his father. The childs parents tried to convince him but eventually failed in convincing him and gradually started ignoring, neglecting and abusing him. After years of facing this situation due to this emotional distance, physical and emotional abuse, the child starts skipping classes at his school and his grades starts falling. He starts getting involved into anti social activities with several other individuals with his family least concerned eventually developing more aggression towards the child. The child eventually realizes about his guilt and wrong company and falls under a guilt eccentric turmoil and approaches to his teacher for help. They eventually appoint me as their youth worker to help them in their advocacy of rehabilitation. In youth work th e sole aim is to meet and re-instate peace amongst the both parties, both victim and his family. The primary purpose is to listen to the victim, understand and empathize in his situation and the events that eventually led him to drift apart from his family. The secondary need is to understand the need of the victims family and their needs. After listening to both the sides it is necessary to establish a connection and try to create a positive outlook and rapport between the both ends. In this manner, a youth worker can help both the victim and his family to ensure a peaceful relationship between them by executing a valid advocacy (Rubin and Babbie 2016). Every youth worker has a in and out of the scope responsibilities and capabilities. In scope are the possible ways in which a youth worker can help his client or do things that his client can be benefitted. Out or scope refers to the things that are out of the limitations of a youth worker (Banks 2012). Goals refer to the principles that every youth worker needs to follow and implementation of these principles while dealing with the clients. In scope includes the youth worker to stay calm and listen to his clients, be sympathetic towards his client, should be able to connect with the client and aware of the possible methods of gathering evidence in terms of abuse. The worker should be supportive, treat the information seriously and try to comfort his client. In serious cases the worker can fix an appointment with any other counselor, talk to the clients family on their behalf in order to establish a smooth bridge. The out of scope prospects of a youth workers is that he cannot pressurize a client for more details, promise to keep the information confidential, passing of information to other non relative persons and being judgmental. The goals of the youth to serve the primary client, their work should be non-discriminating, emphasis on empowerment, believing in non-corruption, maintain transparency and confidentiality, maintain cooperation and proper knowledge and retain self-awareness (Turner 2017). This identification of the urgency is extremely important since certain situations demands rapid action. The nature of response varies in nature depending on the type of emergency that might rise. Certain cases of abuse where the safety and security of a child is at risk such as the security of a child has been jeopardized, in such cases urgent actions can be executed prior any official information being passed on. In such case, an out of office initiative can be deployed to protect and safeguard the individuals from grave danger. Advocacy is one of the important in scope responsibilities of a youth worker. Apart from understanding the issues that needs urgent help and attention, a youth worker can contribute his efforts into advocacy of mutually resolving an issue. A youth worker can initially interact with his client and depending upon the need of the clients family, the worker can initiate an interaction where he can speak with the family members on behalf of the client to be able to explain the crisis in a easier manner. This interaction can be helpful due to the unawareness of the family members about the clients turmoil and inability of the client to discuss certain issues with the family members. In this case, the worker can help create a bridge between the client and his family (Sue, Rasheed and Rasheed 2015). A youth worker should possess certain skills and techniques to handle crisis and emotionally stirred clients. A youth worker should be have the power of speech that can lay an impact on the client who is looking for comfort. He should be able to pacify the disturbed client and bring out problem that the client is facing. The worker should know how to break the ice and get to know each other first to neutralize the situation. The worker should have patience to handle difficult clients as well. Creating safe environment requires ongoing planning, obligation and maintenance. The purpose of these strategies is to ensure that identify appropriate policies to identify and minimize the risk to children and young people in synchronized environments (Healy 2014). To manage certain strategies have been chalked out such as, a statement of commitment, code of conduct, measures for handling disclosure and qualms, strategy for communication and support, policies for recruiting and managing employees (Padgett 2016). The ways to identify the risks that the individuals are facing is to observe closely the behavior and the performance of the individuals at work. A poor performing employee could probably going on through emotional turmoil resulting in poor performance. The strategies that can be used is, to discuss the reasons of poor performance, rectification of self criticism in terms of job, help coping with frustration, prevention of suicides due to inability to handle overload. Despite identification of the crisis and proper counseling, if the situation persists and continues to escalate, assistance from others should be taken into consideration. In spite of regular counseling if the individual continue to exhibit the signs of disturbance then the individuals can be referred to proper psychiatric counseling to prevent any mishap. Every workplace should be equipped with effective crisis handling strategies to prevent crisis and effective handling. Elements such as implementation of risk-minimization strategies, maintaining a safe environment for young people, Prevention of violent behavior, securing the safety of clients are to be equipped to handle crisis. Certain legislative protocols are necessary to be maintained to to create a safe environment in workplace. They are as follows, a confidentiality policy, a clearly defined process for identifying and regularly updating a community resource index , processes for networking with other agencies, including attending relevant interagency, guidelines for case conferencing, referral protocols, a policy for how long client information is kept after clients are no longer involved with the service. After a crisis, it is very important to document the actions taken clearly and accurately and according to organizational procedures and policies. A note should be made on the victims revelation, describe the circumstance in which the revelation was made, noting down the witness during the disclosure, in case of cuts or bruises or a body map should be used to indicate the location, sure the information you write is factual. Using of a pen or biro with black ink so that the report can be photocopied. Try to keep your writing clear, signing and noting the date time and location of the setting. Employees especially the young and newly appointed employees will have the tendency of having bad or abusive behavior with more frequent escalations. Thus, an effective planning should be implemented in order to reduce the rate of escalation (Burton, Hoobler and Scheuer 2012). Thus, effective determination of the requirement of the young employees is important. Accordingly, it should be identified that what will cause escalation for them and what will not. In addition, the job role should be designed accordingly and continuous monitoring with the help of generating feedback should be initiated. This will help to identify any chance of escalation from the young employees. Initiation of the job profiles keeping in mind the considerations of the young employees will have both positive as well as negative implications. One of the key positive implications will be the enhanced job productivity of the young employees (Wood et al. 2012). This is due to the reason that, consideration of the factors acceptable to the young employees will help to increase their level of motivation and thus it will eventually enhance the rate of productivity of the employees. On the other hand, the key negative implication will be the lack of consideration of the aftermaths of the escalations. This is due to the fact that, this plan will concentrate more on the prevention rather than managing the aftermaths. All the relevant team members will be equipped in dealing with the bad behavior of the employees. Thus, team members will have employee data, which will help them in determining the individual criterions of the employees (Ortlieb and Sieben 2012). This will help in dealing with issue with them. Moreover, team members will have the access with their senior management. In case of any issues, they can directly reach to their superiors. Physical restraint will be the last possible options to refrain a person for escalating his bad behavior. Thus, any situation being aroused, which cannot be regulated or controlled by any means should be taken care by physical restraint. However, this concept will also have both negative and positive implications. The positive implication will be the effectiveness. This is due to the reason that, physical restraint will involve body contacts and thus, it will create more impact on the client. The negative implication will be the safety concern. Due to the involvement of body contacts, safety may be hampered for the stakeholders being involved (Berzlanovich, Schopfer and Keil 2012). Thus, a risk quotient is being involved in this case. In the case of emergence of physical restraint, a backup or help may be required. Thus, the co-workers being present in front of the incident will be first approached for help. They will be aware about the need for restraint to the client and will make them comfortable with the originated issue. To communicate effectively with aboriginal or Torres Strait people, conventional and latest communication channel should not be used. This is due to the reason that, the communication channel being used by the modern day society will not be applicable and acceptable for them (Shockley-Zalabak 2014). It will not generate any positive outcome. Thus, in order to effectively communicate with them, the communication technique of them should be inherited and accordingly they should be communicated in their own style and medium. This will have positive outcome from the communication process. To process information from the perspective of the young person, it is required to think like the young people. The considerations of them should only be effectively determined if they can be identified from their side only (Gutman and Schoon 2013). Thus, the more will be the determination of the situation from the identifying the considerations of the young people, the more will be the effective analysis of their situation. To detect and identify the issues such as discrimination and stereotyping with the employees, it is of prime importance that, the attitude and personality of mine should be effectively determined. It is to be seen that, how much my own attitude and personality is adhering with the organizational culture. If there are any areas being identified for improvement, then it should be rectified by me in order to effectively adhere with the organizational culture. The young peoples culture should be respected due to the reason that they are having more updated information than anyone else is. Thus, their opinions should be effectively determined. The key communication skill that is required to explore various aspects of young people is the effective use of non-verbal and verbal communication rather than formal way of communication (Leathers and Eaves 2015). Having the technological skill will also be beneficial. The young people should be motivated and be aware about the circumstances along with their consequences. It will help them to understand the situation more effectively. They will have more clear and precise idea and accordingly they can change. The young person will be given proper training and development schemes. This will help them in equipping them in dealing with the organizational challenges in their workplace. Providence of training and development with the change in the business scenario will help them to gain competitiveness and experience (Jehanzeb and Bashir 2013). In addition, the maintenance of the working environment, which will motivate the young employees, will also be beneficial their issues in the workplace. Periodical generation of feedback from the employees will help to determine the issues and grievances of the employees, which can be rectified if properly identified. However, it is true that the characteristics possessed by the individuals are unique and distinctive, but it is also true that their characteristics being interrelated with that of the society (Bauman 2013). This is due to the reason that, society comprises of the individuals with distinctive requirements. Thus, the needs and rights being possessed by single individuals will be included as the requirement of the society. However, in the entire society, all the individuals are having diverse need and requirements. For instance, people having the need of two-storey building will be the need of the society but in the same society, various peoples are having demand for single-storey, two-storey and other types of buildings. References Banks, S., 2012.Ethical issues in youth work. Routledge. Berzlanovich, A.M., Schpfer, J. and Keil, W., 2012. Deaths due to physical restraint.Deutsches rzteblatt International,109(3), p.27. Burton, J.P., Hoobler, J.M. and Scheuer, M.L., 2012. Supervisor workplace stress and abusive supervision: The buffering effect of exercise.Journal of Business and Psychology,27(3), pp.271-279. Dolgoff, R., Harrington, D. and Loewenberg, F.M., 2012.Brooks/Cole Empowerment Series: Ethical Decisions for Social Work Practice. Cengage Learning. Gutman, L.M. and Schoon, I., 2013. The impact of non-cognitive skills on outcomes for young people.Education Empowerment Foundations, London. Healy, K., 2014.Social work theories in context: Creating frameworks for practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Jehanzeb, K. and Bashir, N.A., 2013. Training and development program and its benefits to employee and organization: A conceptual study.European Journal of business and management,5(2). Leathers, D.G. and Eaves, M., 2015.Successful nonverbal communication: Principles and applications. Ortlieb, R. and Sieben, B., 2012. How to safeguard critical resources of professional and managerial staff: Exploration of a taxonomy of resource retention strategies.The international journal of human resource management,23(8), pp.1688-1704. Padgett, D.K., 2016.Qualitative methods in social work research(Vol. 36). Sage Publications. Payne, M., 2015.Modern social work theory. Oxford University Press. Rubin, A. and Babbie, E.R., 2016.Empowerment series: Research methods for social work. Cengage Learning. Shockley-Zalabak, P., 2014.Fundamentals of organizational communication. Pearson. Sue, D.W., Rasheed, M.N. and Rasheed, J.M., 2015.Multicultural social work practice: A competency-based approach to diversity and social justice. John Wiley Sons. Thompson, N., 2015.Understanding social work: Preparing for practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Turner, F.J., 2017.Social work treatment: Interlocking theoretical approaches. Oxford University Press. Wood, S., Van Veldhoven, M., Croon, M. and de Menezes, L.M., 2012. Enriched job design, high involvement management and organizational performance: The mediating roles of job satisfaction and well-being.Human relations,65(4), pp.419-445. shirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3103058623568964680.post-26334253012556044072019-12-02T00:47:00.001-08:002019-12-02T00:47:04.714-08:00Leadership and its impact on motivation and performance Essay ExampleLeadership and its impact on motivation and performance Essay Introduction There is no ideal definition of leadership. 221 explanations were provided by Bass (2008): he highlighted the fact that any single definition would lack certain features (Van Wart, 2013). In this paper we consider the following interpretations. The first definition states that leadership is interpersonal influence that is used for directing others in order to achieve certain goals (Guetzkow, 1961). Hence, effectiveness of a leader can be measured by the level of his followers performance and motivation to work. Leadership can often be confused with management and administration: owever, it is evident that not every administrator (manager) is a leader and vice versa. Leadership is about power, i. e. eagerness of the followers to follow, whilst administration and management about authority vested in a persons position. What is more, management as well as administration is considered in this paper as maintenance activity, whereas leadership mostly deals with change. Leaders are people who shape the goals, motivations, and actions of others. Frequently they initiate change to reach existing and new goals Managing is maintaining efficiently and effectively current organizational arrangements. While managing well often exhibits leadership skills, the overall function is toward maintenance rather than change (Bush, 2008). To sum up, orientation on change and informal power are distinctive features of leadership the authors of the paper base their further analysis on. Theoretical concepts Nowadays there are several theories and models produced by a lot of studies, which analyze leadership from different sides such as personal qualities and leadership styles. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership and its impact on motivation and performance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership and its impact on motivation and performance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership and its impact on motivation and performance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The major theoretical concepts can be summarized into 3 groups: trait-based models, situational/contingency models and functional leadership models. Trait- based models The trait-based theory implies that a person can only be a leader if he or she is born with a special gift, i. e. special characteristics or traits without which a leader would not be able to perform managerial functions effectively. The topic was very popular in the first half of the twentieth century. The researchers tried to find correlation between innate traits and leadership criteria, but the results were inconsistent and unclear. Mann in 1959 concentrated his study on seven personality characteristics: intelligence, adjustment, extraversion, dominance, masculinity, conservatism, and ensitivity (Zaccaro et al, 1991). However the study made by Mann was not successful because he found that no trait had a median correlation higher than . 25 with leadership criteria (Zaccaro et al, 1991). The more fruitful research was made by Digman in 1990, who found a positive correlation between personality and leadership. Digman evaluated the leader by the following personality parameters: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (Colbert et al, 2012). However this study still did not answer some questions concerning the relation between leadership and personality. Behavioral models This models focus on the way leaders behave with subordinates. Compared to the previous model, the emphasis was shifted from the leaders personality to leadership itself. The model was elaborated by Blake and Mouton (1964) in The managerial grid, and was aimed at improving interpersonal effectiveness and development of leadership skills (Alvares et al. , 1976). The model implies that a leaders success is generally based on the concern for production and the concern for people: the combination of both features is the optimal strategy for leadership accomplishment, hich makes subordinates more motivated with their tasks; feel important to the company; clearly understand the goals; achieve the high level of performance. (Alvares et al. 1976) Situational/contingency models In contrast to trait-based model, situational/contingency approaches presume that there is no ideal leadership style and that the most effective style depends on the situation, employees attitudes, conditions of work, etc. Leadership style may and should adjust to changes in the situation and only that way it would be effective. In other words, leader has to be flexible. This model enco mpasses the following pproaches to leadership. Three styles model Kurt Lewin (1890-1897) is told to be the leading psychologist of his generation (Burnes et al. 2013). Lewin introduced the so-called field theory, which states that individuals behavior depends on the environment, field. He found that three styles prevail in leadership behavior: democratic, authoritarian and laissez- faire style. Authoritarian style is about giving specific tasks and providing employees with direct instructions about how and when they should work, all decisions are made by the leader himself. Democratic style implies that a leader directs the rocess less, rather participating in it, helping subordinates to solve the problem and motivating them. Laissez-faire leadership is considered to be the most ineffective. The essence of this style is that a leader neither participates in team work, nor encourages employees. Followers are free to choose their own policies and methods, which is supposed to increase their creativity. The results of his studies show that democratic group performs best, stimulating creativity from the members and positively affecting productivity. However, the group with authoritarian style is a bit ore productive, but less creative and, what is important, fewer subordinates are satisfied with their Job. As for laissez-faire group, it is not effective: practically no creativity, poor performance and little satisfaction are observed. Summarizing Kurt Lewins findings we may build a table (App. 1) of three styles and its effects on motivation and performance 00b satisfaction is included, though it is out of our analysis scope). However Kurts theory was criticized for too narrow approach to leadership styles that ignore various shades between authoritarian and democratic behavior. Leadership continuum model That is why Tannenbaum and Schmidt offered their Leadership continuum model. The authors concentrated on the problem of combining democratic and authoritative style taking advantage of both approaches. (Tannenbaum et al. , 1973) Tannenbaum and Schmidt introduced the so-called continuum of styles, where styles have different variations from authoritarian to democratic, and can be used by a person in different situations (App. 2). An important benchmark is circled with red color: from here to the right a manager makes decisions only after consulting with the employees. The authors also mentioned that apart from choosing an appropriate eadership style it is extremely important that your employees understand the rules of the game, i. e. the style youVe chosen. Pretending to listen to employees opinion while in fact making decisions on your own not only spoils the relationships between an employer and his or her workers but decreases performance and motivation. Fiedlers contingency model Fiedlers contingency model (1964) presumes that performance of groups is contingent upon the interaction of leadership styles and the favorability of the situation for the leader. Mitchell et al. , 1970) Fiedler proposes that leaders can be ivided into two categories task-oriented and human-oriented. Effectiveness of the two categories of leadership depends on the task structure and the leaders position power. For example, task-oriented leaders are more effective in either very easy or very difficult (unstructured) situations. Human-oriented leaders perform best in m edium difficulty situations. Path-goal theory The theory was elaborated by Georgopoulos et al. (1957) and House. The model pays particular attention to the subordinates expectations. House, 1971) It states that management is responsible of setting clear goals, clarifying paths for achieving oals, implementing reward systems based on achieving higher performance (Mulki et al. , 2009). House devised 4 leadership styles depending on the type of work, followers characteristics and their expectations: directive, supportive, participative and achievement oriented. 1) Directive style (in case of unstructured, but interesting tasks and inexperienced followers) clear explanation and guidance on what employees should do. ) Supportive style (when tasks are simple, group cohesion is poor, but workers are experienced) leader should improve the working atmosphere and support the workers. ) Participative style (unstructured and complex tasks, experienced workers) leader should consult followers and listen to their opinions. 4) Achievement-oriented style (Unstructured, complex tasks, experienced workers, who think they lack power to accomplish task) leader should motivate and encourage followers. Situational model The authors of the situational model (Hersey, Blanchard, 1969) presume that one should choose leadership style only after he/she assessed the employees readiness to perform a specific task and adapt leadership styles to changing environment. (Butler et al. 1991) Situational Leadership Theory focuses on two aspects: (1) competence and (2) confidence and commitment. These two may be high or low (App. 3), and leader should make emphasis on either task or relationship aspect depending on the situation. Four frame model The last model in this group is Bolman and Deals four frame model. The researchers introduced four frames which leaders should pay attention to in different circumstances. These are structural, human resource, political and symbolic. Structural frame focuses on setting the goals, clarifying tasks and responsibilities. Human resource frame concentrates on peoples needs, their motivation and interests. Political frame is about resolving conflicts that arise in the organization. Symbolic frame deals with the sense of common goal, teambuilding and inspiration. A leader should be able to identify the main problems an organization faces and after to choose one or several frames to focus on, changing them after accomplishment of the goal. Otherwise it negatively impacts employees performance and motivation. Transactional and transformational leadership theory Transactional style is characterized by providing directions and guidelines, focusing n Job completion. Such leader defines group activities, describes the role each member is expected to assume and sets clear goals; clarifies the link between achievement and reward. Motivation is limited to formal procedures: bonuses and sanctions. Transformational leadership is guidance through individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational, and idealized influence. (Choudhary et al. , 2013) Leaders of this style want employees to share common values and orient them towards the companys goals, create environment of psychological support and friendliness; incorporates employees suggestions into the ecision-making process and, thus, influence Job satisfaction and commitment. (Mulki et al. 2009) There are a lot of different opinions concerning which leadership style is more effective and if a person can display different styles. Some scientists have described transformational and transactional leadership styles as two competing approaches to motivating followers or employees: a person can perform either transformational leadership or transactional one, but not the both styles. Other researchers have a different opinion, assuming that these s tyles are not competing ones, but complementary to each other. Bass et al. 1993) Despite the fact that it is often supposed that outstanding leaders perform both transformational and transactional styles, it seems that transformational leadership can be more effective in a lot of cases. Previous researchers have discovered the evidence of a strong positive correlation between the application of transformational leadership style and the performance of working teams, presidential administrations and business units. (Cameron et al. , 2011) Functional leadership models There are also functional leadership models based on functions a leader must be ble to carry out. Morgeson et al. , 2010) One of the approaches proposes to divide the leadership functions into two phases or stages: transitional and actional phase. The transition phase is a period of time when teams focus on activities related to structuring the team, planning the teams work, and evaluating the teams performance. (Morgeson et al. , 2010) Actional phase is consequently the portion of the teams performance cycle when the team is focused on activities that directly contribute to accomplishing its goals. Morgeson et al. , 2010) (App. 4) Both phases re crucial for establishing cooperation within the team and, thus, high level of overall performance. An effective leader should define the phase of companys development and act accordingly. John Adairs Action-centered Leadership model. John Adair introduced the three circles diagram, which illustrates three main tasks of a leader (App. 5). 1. Task circle means the need to solve the problem and achieve particular result; 2. Team circle means that leader must create the working atmosphere, where employees will perceive the goals as our; teambuilding; 3. Individual caring about every worker of the team, trying to satisfy his/her needs. Leadership is effective only when all three functions are combined (the intersection of the circles). Changing salespeoples performance through leadership The problem Salespeople often work under direct supervision and are under high pressure to produce results: the management style has a strong impact on their performance. Leaders set an example of appropriate conduct. The study was conducted in a North American subsidiary of an international pharmaceutical company X to analyze the issue (Mulki et al. , 2009). The problem of the company was unethical behavior of salesmen with clients physicians: 50% lie on sales calls, every third makes nrealistic promises, every fifth imposes products on customers the latter do not need and bribe physicians to get them prescribed to a particular brand of drugs the behavior which was tacitly approved by senior management as long as sales goals were achieved. The revealed facts of inappropriate behavior ultimately led to the decline in the overall trust to the company X and the undermined reputation of pharmaceutical companies in general. The challenge Establishment of new company-wide ethical standards is a complicated issue, but existence of such standards is essential for controlling for the overall employees erformance, especially nowadays, when firms shift from a traditional office with opportunities of direct supervision to field offices, where employees are more independent in their actions. The industry trade association, PhRMA, issued voluntary industry guidelines for salespeople, which regulate the interaction of salespersons with physicians, directed to 90 large pharmaceutical companies of the U. S. The guidelines were rather strict, and required a strong commitment from senior management to be complied with. To face the challenge, it was decided to implement the path-goal theory and to use the features of leadership style of management tarting from the senior positions of the company. The aim was essentially to change the companys ethical standards, incorporating compliance with ethical rules and policies into the salespeoples system of values. Methodology The survey was conducted to identify leadership styles present in the organization and their impact on Job satisfaction and performance of employees. The employees were asked to measure leadership styles of management with the following 13 items, 9 of which represent considerate leadership, and 4 represent instrumental leadership (App. 6). The employees were also asked to estimate their satisfaction with upervisor, Job satisfaction, their efforts and Job performance. Results of the analysis showed that over 72% of the variance is explained by two factors instructional leadership and transformational leadership styles of management. Another random survey of salespeople was conducted 1 year later after the start of the transition to check for the impact of the new rules and standards on employees Job satisfaction, efforts and Job performance, as well as to reveal some of their considerations about relationships with clients. Results While transformational leadership plays a role in establishing good relationships etween management and subordinates and has a significant influence on the employees satisfaction with the supervisor, the analysis of implementation of the model to the company X showed that transactional leadership is more successful in setting corporate standards. It plays the crucial role in this process: a directive leader prescribes the space within which there is still room for decision-making, but the lines which an employee should not cross are clear: this is particularly important for salespeople as they should know that compliance with ethical rules and policies prevails over getting a substantial contract. It is also evident that establishment of these guidelines should not necessarily be the result of a consensus between all the employees, when everybodys views are taken into consideration. Clarity and established boundaries motivate the salesman to be creative in meeting customers needs without feeling uncertainty and vulnerability from the point of view of refusing to comply with the firms standards and management disapproval: it enhances subordinates trust in management and significantly reduces stress. What is more, customers are more open to new ideas and suggestions from an ethical organization, hich standards are high and clear. The trust, freedom and flexibility enable salespeople to be client oriented and increases the amount of effort employees put in their activities. This, in turn, creates a sense of Job accomplishment (Mulki et al. , 2009) and essentially improves the overall performance. To sum up, the new company-wide standards established in the company X with the help of the path-goal leadership theory and based on the difference between the two styles of leadership, increased the employees performance level significantly, improved the client- salesman long-term relationships and brightened the overall image of harmaceutical industry. Supplier integration in the automotive industry: the impact of buyer-side leadership on motivation among suppliers The problem Due to the shortage of RD capabilities and basic management skills, domestic suppliers of Chinese automotive industry are not well-developed. As a consequence, the majority of key components are manufactured and imported from other suppliers with operations in China. However, the foreign suppliers try to integrate as many domestic suppliers as possible because of local production requirements and the specifics of an automotive industry: it is a networked field where it is almost mpossible for an individual firm to possess all the necessary expertise to produce complex machinery. Supplier integration is a complex issue that requires the understanding of the situation from different perspectives. In our case the problem of creating trust and commitment between buyers and suppliers is analyzed, and how changes of Chinese automotive suppliers mindset, competences and motivation to collaborate can be stimulated (Lockstrom et al. , 2010). Here the Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership model can be implemented as it takes into account the environment where a manager operates. Methodology In order to collect the data, the number of semi-structured face-to-face voice- recorded 2-hours interviews was conducted with 30 purchasing, quality and general managers from automotive companies, which were then transcribed. The reliability of the study was further ensured by a detailed case protocol enabling systematic data collection. A detailed script was sent to every participant during a week after the interview for review. This way a high level of dependability and reliability was achieved by researchers. Results Several assumptions can be made about the managers in the industry: first, they ave a positive attitude towards their work in general. Second, they are sure that they influence their suppliers and make them follow. Third, the managers demonstrated positive attitude towards combination of operational work and strategic planning. The study showed that in 23/30 cases (76%) cooperative/transformational leadership style prevailed in their behavior, while assertive/transactional leadership style was used in 27% of cases, and 6% choose empowering style. 27% of respondents tend to change their management style depending on the situation, using the situational eadership model to motivate a supplier when he or she does not live up to a managers expectations. As one of the managers put it, you need a carrot to motivate and a stick to implement (Lockstrom et al. , 2010). The first managerial challenge is to stimulate collaborative efforts of suppliers in order to drive supply chain performance, such as cost reduction, quality assurance, delivery reliability etc. (Lockstrom et al. , 2010). The managers actively worked on a personal level to convince suppliers to adopt the formers values and beliefs, persuading them to invest in technologies and innovations. Thus, transformational leadership is perceived to influence the suppliers mindset and commitment, motivate the latter to adapt and collaborate. However, the difficulty in managing production and delivery performance was highlighted. Despite the willingness to learn and to improve the activity (8 cases), the lack of targets and action plans as well as unstable feedback channels led to worsening of the results. That was one of the reasons why reactive attitude and hierarchical communication are met in 40 and 37% cases, respectively, although the value of personal relationships is high (57%). It was found that in most of the cases concerning production issues the buyer side took the initiative and responsibility for involving domestic suppliers in product development activities. Domestic suppliers tend to be rather reactive than proactive. Thus, the level of innovations initiated by domestic suppliers is very low. In terms of strategic planning, which includes capacity, demand or product planning, as well as sharing new ideas and setting long- term goals, only 30% of companies shared ideas with domestic suppliers, 13 firms involved domestic suppliers in capacity planning, 8 in demand planning and 9 firms lanned everything collaboratively sharing financial information with domestic suppliers (Lockstrom et al. , 2010). The time of conducting business also matters: among 8 firms which communicated strategic goals, 6 worked with suppliers for more than 10 years. The respondents of these firms stated the satisfactory level of trust and commitment. Still, it was evident that the perceived stronger supply chain partner [foreign in this case] usually dictates the activities (Lockstrom et al. , 2010). Overall, we can see the cooperative leadership style prevails in the majority of cases oncerning personal buyer-supplier relationships: the relationships with Chinese suppliers are built gradually, and the levels of trust and motivation do not heavily rely on contracts. Still, it is acknowledged by managers that it is extremely hard to motivate the person and ensure high performance level with cooperation and coaching only. The clear goals should be set and action plans elaborated, which require assertiveness of the leader, to push the supplier in the preferable direction: the supplier only learns when it hurts (Lockstrom et al. , 2010). Conclusion Overall, considering all the different leadership approaches, models and theories, it can be concluded that there is no single most efficient leadership style in terms of motivation and performance. Different leadership styles should be used depending on situation. For instance, when there is little time to make a decision and where a leader has significantly more experience or expertise than the rest of the team, the transactional leadership style would be more effective, while in a motivated group with a higher level of expertise, the transformational style should be more efficient. The chosen style should be the one that most effectively achieves the goals of the group while considering the interests of its members. Therefore, leadership style mostly depends on circumstances, time of execution and personal and professional characteristics of a leader and team members. Reference list 1. 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Available from: Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA (Accessed November 13, 2013) 21. The Managerial Grid as a Predictor of Conflict Resolution Method and Managerial Effectiveness / Bernardin, H. John; Alvares, Kenneth M. // Administrative Science Quarterly Mar1976 Vol. 21 Issue 1 pp. 84-92. 22. Transformational le adership and organizational culture/ B. M. Bass, B. J. Avolio, // Public Administration: An International Quarterly 1993. vol. 17 pp. 112-121. Appendix Appendix 1 Kurt Lewins Three styles model Authoritarian Democratic Laissez-faire Motivation Less High Lowest Performance Highest High Low Satisfaction Less satisfied Satisfied Not satisfied Source: Kurt Lewins Field Theory: A Review and Re-evaluation / Burnes B. , Cooke B. // International Journal of Management Reviews Vol. 1 5(2013) pp. 408-425 Appendix 2 Continuum of leadership behavior Source: How to choose a leadership pattern / Tannenbaum R. and Schmidt W. H. // Harward Business Review May-June 1973 pp. 162-180 Available from: Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 13, 2013 Appendix 3 Situational Leadership Theory Task emphasis Relationship emphasis Low competence, low confidence and commitment High (instructions, directions) Low disregard of emotions) Low competence, high confidence and commitment High (instructions, persuasion) High (encouragement, incentive) High competence, low confidence and commitment Low (consultation) High (involving, teamwork) High competence, high confidence and commitment Low (consultation, delegating responsibility) Low (trust, empowerment) Source: A Preliminary Investigation of the Applicability of Situational Leadership In Other Cultures / Ramkisson A. / International Journal Of Business Strategy [serial online]. March 2013 Vol. 13(1) P. 43-48. Available from: Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 13, 2013. Appendix 4 Main leadership functions according to the functional leadership model Transitional phase (Stage 1) Action phase (Stage 2) Compose team Monitor team Define mission Manage team boundaries Establish expectations and goals Challenge team Structure and plan Perform team task Train and develop team Solve problems Sensemaking Provide resources Provide feedback Encourage team self-management and support social climate Source: Leadership in Teams: A Functional Approach to Understanding Leadership Structures and Processes. / Morgeson F, DeRue D, Karam E. // Journal Of Management [serial online]. January 2010;36(1):5-39. ) Appendix 5 John Adairs Action-centered Leadership model Source: Action-centered Leadership (Second Printing) (Book). // Personnel Psychology [serial online]. September 1980;33(3):674-675. Available from: Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 13, 2013. Appendix 6 Scale of leadership styles used for subordinates assessment. Source: Critical Role of Leadership on Ethical Climate and Salesperson Behaviors / Mulki, Jay P. , Jaramillo J. F. , Locander W. B. // Journal of Business Ethics Vol. 86, No. 2 (May, 2009)- pp. 125-141 shirleybow50http://www.blogger.com/profile/12150943734869214543noreply@blogger.com0