Business Ethics And Explain Its Nature Essay - 1677 Words

Section 1- Introduction 1. Define business ethics and explain its nature: Ethics deals with moral practices and also, tell us how to behave with others. Actually, ethics defines the difference between good and bad, moral and immoral and fair and unfair etc. In addition to this it tells us to adopt good things and avoid bad ones. In short, ethics means a code of conduct (Shearman, 1990). Business Ethics means to run a business not only for profit purpose but also for sake of welfare to the society. A businessman must aware about the consumer needs and wants along with providing a continuous supply of good quality of goods and services at reasonable prices (Lewis, Defining ‘business ethics’: Like nailing jello to a wall. ). According to Kirk O. Hanson, a renowned ethics expert who also doubles as the Executive Director of the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, business ethics is the study of the standards of business behaviour which promote human welfare and the good(Hanson, 2008). Nature of Business Ethics: Some characteristics of business ethics are like: Provides ordinary framework: Business ethics provides the basic framework to run a business.It also gives the economic, legal and social boundaries within which businessmanmust conduct his business. Code of conduct: Businessman must follow the ethical code of conduct. They must know what to do for the welfare of society and what not to do, and what is right and wrong for the society. Based on moral andShow MoreRelatedWhy Ethical Responsibilities Go Beyond Legal Compliance. Essay591 Words   |  3 Pages1. Explain why ethics is important in the business environment. Ethics is important not only in business but in all aspects of life because it is the vital part and the foundation on which the society is build. A business/society that lacks ethical principles is bound to fail sooner or later. While many businesses have codes of ethics, the words written in a formal code are valuable only if their intent is reflected in the actions of the people who represent the organization. A business cannot beRead MoreJust Business : Christian Ethics For The Marketplace1064 Words   |  5 Pages Just Business: Christian Ethics for the Marketplace. By Alexander Hill. IVP Academic; Revised edition (January 10, 2008), 276pp., $11.29 Paper. Chanel Mahone Alexander Hill’s Christian Ethics for the Marketplace in my view point focuses on ethics as it relates to business which also includes the Christian element. Hill outlines the scripturally grounded ethical structure of holiness, justice, and love for business practices. 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And this research paper will also include where both morals and ethics derivedRead MoreCase Study: A New Work Ethic1253 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"A New Work Ethic† Student: Maria Leiva Instructor: Prof. Chuck Brooks Date: January 29, 2012 Introduction This assignment discusses the case of James Sheehy, who worked undercover in a restaurant and discovered the attitude of the younger generations towards work ethics, especially under the customer service area, which they lacked, and also how they perceived employee theft. The following questions are to help us analyze and maybe even understand where business in AmericaRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Virtue1493 Words   |  6 PagesAristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics is a reflection as to what virtue is. Aristotle’s definition of virtue can be described as the as the â€Å"state of character concerned with choice, lying in a mean relative to us, this being determined by reason and by that reason by which the man of practical wisdom would determine it† (Nicomachean Ethics, 31). In addition to that, Aristotle illustrates two types of virtue that stem from his primary idea; moral and intellectual virtue. Aristotle expounds moral virtueRead MoreEthical Issues Of The Manage rial Accounting Profession1186 Words   |  5 Pagesdue to its complexity in today s business world it may generates sort of excesses that can negatively affect the business environment as well as the social life. Therefore, it becomes necessary to stress on the ethics and morals that should be prevalent in the business community. The term ethics in the business environment expresses the expected attitude of the individuals in organizations that carry out certain activities and services. Clearly, today’s business environment has obvious ethical issuesRead MoreAn Evaluation Of The Information From The Feedback Register Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesto develop a research brief for your Manager that: Provides an evaluation of the information from the feedback register, including key findings. †¢ Demographic data: Demographic data indicates that there is a statistically significant socio-economic nature, such as hemophilia population, income, race, education and employment, which is represented by the geographic location of the specific and often associated with time. For example, when we are talking about the population of the area, such as a populationRead MoreMoral And Ethical Dilemmas Of The Millennial Generation And Generation Z1637 Words   |  7 Pagesreason for why humans are the way they are and the morality, alongside the ethics, behind each of those reasons. Merriam-Webster defines morals as â€Å"of or relating to principles of right and wrong in behavior† and ethics as â€Å"the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation.† Thus one sees the interconnectedness between both definitions. Morals are the internal decisions of a person, and ethics are the external but are entirely based on one’s morals. The MillennialRead MoreEthics Systems Of Accounting : Comparing Deontology And Utilitarianism1482 Words   |  6 PagesEthics Systems in Accounting: Comparing Deontology and Utilitarianism Ethics are crucial to the accounting profession and the business world, so choosing an ethics system to base your moral decisions on is extremely important. Accountants and all business professionals will be confronted with moral dilemmas on a daily basis. Being strong in your faith and knowing what you believe in will help you to always make the right decision. 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Gay Rights, Gay, Lesbian, And Society - 1202 Words

Over the past decades, being gay was something no one talked about. It was a subject that was very taboo and society didn’t accept. People saw it as a stage one goes through and something unnatural. Thanks to the media, more and more celebrities have come out of the closet over the years. Soon people became accepting of the gay community and their life style. Being openly gay, lesbian, transgender, or bisexual in the workforce can lead to discrimination. Gay mirages are also frowned upon by society. Unfortunately, there aren’t many laws that protect gay rights. Everyday in America, gay people are being fired, denied a job, refused promotion, or some other form of discrimination. It’s not because they don t qualify for the job it’s because they are gay. 21/50 states in the US have rights set to protect them from facing this discrimination (Eisenberg, Rebecca). 18 out of those 21 states it is illegal to fire transgenders (Eidelson, Josh). So far there are ab out 28 million workers unemployed because of their sexuality (Bendery, 2014). Pros: 1. Tom Harkin, former Democrat U.S Senate, has a mission to pass a Paycheck Fairness Act, Fair Pay Act, and an Equal Pay Act. Harkin had expressed his views on the issue on last years Equal Pay Day. He felt that there is a big pay gap between men and women. Women are paid less then men simply because of their gender. Even though the Equal Pay Act was passed in 1963 (Harkin, 2014), people are not following the act. By passing the PaycheckShow MoreRelatedOppression and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Persons 1091 Words   |  5 PagesLesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Oppression Generations ago, the United States was a country of the male wardrobe. Todays movements for the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community are leveraging the existence of more globalized and open systems. 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Ethical Principle of Justice How It Relates to Nursing Research Free Essays

Nursing research is continual and it is consistently improving the healthcare field. When understanding research and evidence-based practice, ethics is one of the first things to consider for proper results. Evidence-based practice will not be demonstrated unless ethical research is supported. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Principle of Justice: How It Relates to Nursing Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ethics is always a topic of concern and a standard to be maintained when participating in research, especially evidence based practice in the nursing field. Not all research studies or trials are ethical, and many haven’t been ethical in the past. For example, The Stanford Prison Experiment, The Tuskegee Study, and The Monster Study are just a few examples of well-known unethical research trials. Today, the chances seem promising when it comes to establishing ethical clinical research and advocating for subjects. The reason ethics is considered in research is for accurate outcome results and beneficence of subjects. When thinking about ethical principles that should be upheld within nursing research, a few prominent principles come to mind. Beneficence is the understanding to promote or advocate for the betterment and positive well-being of the subject/patient. Respect is a very important ethical principle because subjects have a right to their own decisions, options, and existence in a trial. Justice is the ethical principle being discussed in this paper, and seems to be a common necessity for patient protection. Justice, in reference to nursing research and its importance, will be explained. According to Shakà © Ketefian, the author of the article Ethical considerations in research. Focus on vulnerable groups, Justice has several meanings; there is the meaning of retribution. Another meaning is justice as fairness.† (Kettefian, 2015). The Introduction to Nursing Research textbook written by Carol Boswell ; Sharon Cannon refers the definition of justice as â€Å"fairness and equality to another. It encompasses a general guideline of â€Å"what is due or owed to persons† and it â€Å"implies the rights of fair treatment and privacy, including anonymity and confidentiality†Ã¢â‚¬  (Burkhart ; Nathaniel, 2014, p. 528)(Boswell ; Cannon, 2017, p.179). When justice comes to mind, fairness is the initial definition. When considering research, fairness isn’t always present. There are different control groups, or categories of subjects, and different variables of a study. Sometimes one category of a study is deprived of what’s owed to them, in other words, a lack of justice. The reason justice is crucial in research is that of equal opportunity, fair treatment, and successful unbiased participation. Without justice before, during, and after the study, there is not a chance for accurate results/evidence. Justice also includes the discussion of all resources and information, relating to that particular patient, about their situation. Occasionally, prognoses will be shared with the family first as opposed to the patient first. The patient has a right to know all about their diagnosis, prognosis, and current options. In the article written by Sahreen Malik Bhanji, which is about Health Care Ethics, he says â€Å"It is believed that and especially in healthcare industry that all individuals have equal rights in terms of seeking health care and to participate in their plan of care† (Bhanji, 2013, p. 2). It is due to them, especially during a study. The subject should be informed of all possible treatment options that are available during the timing of their study according to their current state. If not informed, this would fall under unethical and injustice due to the insufficient amount of resources and information offered. Justice is important to research mainly because of the right to be informed and the fairness to be fully included/advocated for. The University of Washington School of Medicine explains ways to ensure justice is not compromised in a study, this would include avoiding the selection of participants that might be unfairly coerced into participating, such as prisoners and institutionalized children (Adams, 2013). This will automatically determine that there isn’t an assumed subject of injustice. Another step in designing a research study that includes proper justice consists of consistent privacy and the right to confidentiality. Sharing of personal or specific information would include injustice. Each patient, no matter the study, should be free of judgment, and offered privacy as well as trusted confidentiality. When creating a study, fairness should always be considered, no matter the variables. To make sure this is upheld, the researchers have to be unbiased and informed of patient rights included in the subjects’ contracts. In a research study, justice includes promotion of the patient on an equality level. One subject isn’t favored or discriminated, all are equally valued. This guideline can be a written signed measure when designing the research study standards that will continually be abided by. That would be a step to instill justice. These two ways of design would be implemented before the study actually takes place. During a study, justice requirements would include offering all information (new even poor prognosis), treating each subject with complete fairness, and demonstrating total unbiased opinion with zero judgment. Both the nurse in the nursing research study and the subject will be treated with justice by offering reward or treatment options, if applicable. The main ethical concern is effective communication in regard to patient rights, justice falls under this idea. The greatest take-away about the ethical principle of justice within a research study is that the patient is fully informed, treated with total fairness no judgment, and offered equality in confidentiality. To conclude, justice is an ethical principle that needs to be upheld in every nursing research study. Majority of people strive to live by justice every day. Being fair to one another is a part of expected moral human interaction. It means fairness for each patient or subject. In a study, without fairness and equality, results are inconclusive and inaccurate because it’s considered unethical. Justice in the nursing world means that an individual is given what they are due or obligated to. Whether that is the best care possible, or the highest standard of treatment/observation in a research study. There are measures that can should be taken to focus on maintaining justice in a research study. According to Bhanji, justice includes â€Å"considering the best possible outcome in favor of the direct recipient of care (patient)† (Bhanji, 2013, p. 2). Therefore, justice is important to the field of nursing research because it includes patient advocacy, entitlement to proper communication involving the health care team patient, and it fulfills patient rights for the best care possible. References Adams, Lizabeth, Timothy Callahan. 2013. Research Ethics. University of Washington School of Medicine. https://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/resrch.html Bhanji SM (2013) Health Care Ethics. J Clinic Res Bioeth 4:142. doi: 10.4172/2155- 9627.1000142 Boswell, C., In Cannon, S. (2017). Introduction to nursing research: Incorporating evidence- based practice. Ezekiel, J. Emmanuel, David Wendler, and Christine Grady. 2000. â€Å"What Makes Clinical Research Ethical?† Journal of American Medical Association, Vol.280 No.20, May 24/31, 2000, pp.2701-2711. Keteian, S. (2015). Ethical considerations in research. Focus on vulnerable groups. Investigation ; Education in Intermedia, 33(1), 164–172. https://doiorg.ezproxy.samford.edu/10.1590/S0120-53072015000100019 How to cite Ethical Principle of Justice: How It Relates to Nursing Research, Papers

Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health

Question: Discuss about the Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health? Answer: Solution 1 The exposures of interest considered in this study are total fat intake, Saturated fat intake, monounsaturated fat intake, polyunsaturated fat intake and trans-fat intake (Oh, 2005). Inorder to ascertain dietary information, a questionnaire was used. They were updated in 1986, 1990, 1994 and 1998. A rational determination of total fat and specific types of fat was made in this study (Nelson, 2009). The study results are found to be consistent with other studies. The results of the study clearly give the information about the effect of dietary intake on CHD risk (Nelson, 2009). Blood lipid levels are not measured in the study and this is another limitation of the study (Oh, 2005). Solution 2 Myocardial infarction (nonfatal) or Coronary heart disease (fatal) was the outcome measured. In the case of nonfatal MI, the medical records were collected for reporting women. Deaths from fatal CHD were recognized by the US postal system or from the National Death Index (Oh, 2005). The results of the study are evidenced to be consistent with several other studies (Oh, 2005). Change in diet was one of the factors responsible for evidence of decline in CHD incidence (Oh, 2005). Solution 3 The source population of the study is 30-55 aged female nurses. The target population does not differ from the source population (Oh, 2005). The results are analyzed evidently in the population by the age of 65 years or younger and with age above 65 (Oh, 2005) In, the elderly population, the study results were influenced by factors like an increase in intensity of chronic diseases or weakened health status or change in metabolism with aging (Oh, 2005). Solution 4 In 1976 the study was started with 1,21,700 female nurses whose age is 3055 years. The participants who returned the 1980 questionnaire were included in the study and participants with cardiovascular disease, cancer, improbable intake of energy, diabetes, cancer, hypercholesterolemia was excluded from the study. So after exclusions, 78,778 women were studied (Oh, 2005). Solution 5 The risk measures calculated in the study are age, smoking, BMI, alcohol intake, history of menopausal state, hormone use, hypertension, MI, use of aspirin, Vitamin E, multivitamin, physical activity and intake of fat; fatty acids; fruits, vegetables and fiber(Taylor Zahradka, 2013). Solution 6 The incidence of various diseases may change the diet of women and hence are excluded from the study. But Excluding such women didnot affect the study results (Oh, 2005). Solution 7 The overall motor vehicle-related mortality risk is 1.8%. Solution 8 (100/2000)*100 = 5% (80/8000)*100 = 1% (100/10,000) * 100 = 1 % Solution 9 (45/300)*100 = 15% (135 /7000)*100 = 1.9% (45/10000) *100 = 0.45% Solution 10 The cumulative incidence ratio of death by driving speed is 1%, and the cumulative incidence ratio of death by DWI status is 0.45 %. The values indicate that death by speed is very high in comparison to death by DWI status. Solution 11 1900-100 = 1800 255-45 = 210 Solution 12 A direct relationship was observed between trans-fat and CHD, whereas inverse relation was observed between CHD and polyunsaturated fat. In women aged less than 65 the results were evidenced to be more prominent and relevant. Among women with a higher BMI, the risk of CHD was increased with intake of Polyunsaturated fat intake. Solution 13 (180/10000) * 100 = 1.8 % (180/10000)*100 = 1.8% Solution 14 Mortality risk = (180/10000) * 100= 1.8%. Solution 15 {(5-1)/5 } * 100 = 80 % {(15-1.9)/15} * 100 = 87.33 % Solution 16 Mortality risk = (180/10000) * 100= 1.8%. Solution 18 Inorder to eradicate motor related deaths, the funding should be allocated equally to two risk factors. The speed limit should be strictly monitored and drive while intoxicated should be severely penalized. References Ndrepepa, G. (2015). BMI and coronary heart disease: no difference according to sex. The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology, 3(6), 398-400. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00103-5 Nelson, G. (2009). Dietary Fat, Trans Fatty Acids, and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease.Nutrition Reviews, 56(8), 250-252. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01758.x Oh, K. (2005). Dietary Fat Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women: 20 Years of Follow-up of the Nurses' Health Study. American Journal Of Epidemiology, 161(7), 672-679. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi085 Sedgwick, P. (2010). Incidence rate ratio.BMJ, 341(sep08 1), c4804-c4804. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c4804 Taylor, C., Zahradka, P. (2013). Do high dietary intakes of linoleic acid protect against death from coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease?.Clinical Lipidology, 8(5), 493-495. https://dx.doi.org/10.2217/clp.13.48 Uhry, Z., Belot, A., Colonna, M., Bossard, N., Rogel, A., Iwaz, J. et al. (2013). National cancer incidence is estimated using the incidence/mortality ratio in countries with local incidence data: Is this estimation correct?.Cancer Epidemiology, 37(3), 270-277. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2012.12.007